Media Propaganda

Media Propaganda refers to a message that aims at changing people’s opinion on issues by providing only one side of an argument. Propaganda is widespread in the media especially in advertisements and magazines (Baran and Davis 76). In this paper, we will consider a poster advertisement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Propaganda specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This poster contains an advertisement for a body spray, Axe. In the advertisement, there is a couple walking down the street along window displays. The advertisement shows a man cut into two halves, the lower half and the upper half. The lower half of the man’s body is lagging behind, standing by a window display with a female mannequin dressed in lingerie. On the other hand, the upper half continues walking alongside the woman. In addition, the poster contains a written message at the bottom of the page. This message reads, â€Å"Part Good. Part Bad. That’s Man’s Essence.† Further, at the lower right corner, the poster has a picture of the spray under consideration and the name of the spray: â€Å"New Axe Essence†. This message appeals to the audience to use Axe body spray. The audience of this advertisement is men. This advertisement is simply appealing to men, especially from teenage upwards. Men relate to this idea of walking together with a woman while at the same time admiring other women. This makes them feel integrated (Bhasin 1). The message contained in this poster appears to be appealing to men to use this body spray to get a double deal. It implies that axe gives men an advantage of attracting women who are sexually appealing and at the same time keep their girlfriends. Men have added integrated egos when they attract such beautiful women and seem to have successful relationships. This will translate to the men being content and happy. The man in the poster looks comfortable and confident. Further, the woman in the advertisement seems impressed, happy, and relaxed. The advert makes it appear that the man is the one making the woman happy. Therefore, this implies that men who use axe appear relaxed and composed manage to impress their girlfriends. These influence choices of men who want to impress their girlfriends and make them happy. In addition, the poster portrays the given location as luxurious with lovely shop displays without people. This implies the unique and distinct nature of Axe. Obviously, the properties given to the spray add class to it and allow the spray to select rich and classy men as prospective buyers.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This advertisement portrays Axe body spray as being appropriate for use at any time. For instance, for casual time, at work or anywhere, the casually dressed couple in the advertisement seems to be admiring shop displays’ probably on their way to a casual meeting after work. The man used in the poster is young emphasizing that axe body spray is convenient for young men. He is young and needs to feel happy and successful. The smile of the man in the poster portrays his happiness probably because of his youth. This contentment associates with the audience’s needs and attract their attention. Additionally, the poster uses tranquil and non-screaming colors. Advertisers use blue and grey colors on the spray and the background respectively. These colors are passionate, serene, welcoming and can accommodate diverse moods and occasions. These colors attract the audience and encourage them to use the spray. This advertisement is exceptionally convincing and can attract many people. However, ideological analysis of this advertisement reveals the presence of unintended cultural messages dotted all over the poster (Sproule 130). Cultural aspects that come out can disco urage prospective users of Axe spray if they paid deeper attention to the advertisement. This advertisement suggests that a man who uses axe essence will have more than one woman at his disposal. It assumes that men are happy when they have multiple women. Further, the advertisement stereotypes men as being sex oriented. The lower part of the man’s body staring at the mannequin shows this stereotype. One would wonder why the lower and not the upper half of the body was staring the mannequin considering that it is the one with eyes. What does the lower half of the man’s body use to see the mannequin? Clearly, the body part that substitutes the man’s eye is his phallus. This shows that men view women as objects for their sexual desire, which is not completely true. The message and pictures in the advertisement pose another cultural controversy. The picture indicates that the lower half of the man remains behind while the upper half continues walking together with the woman. The girlfriend does not seem to notice that her boyfriend’s lower part is lagging behind staring at other feminine figures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Propaganda specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The man continues walking as if nothing is happening. This brands men as cheaters and unfaithful spouses. The advertisers seem to know this when they write that man is partly good and partly bad. However, they dismiss it referring it to as man’s essence. This is against cultural norms, which advocates for fidelity among spouses. This advertisement for axe body spray portrays women as sex figures. The lower part of the man’s body lagging behind to admire the mannequin proves this. This act emphasizes on extreme sexuality of women and the power those feminine figures posses to the extent of splitting a man into two. This is obvious in the lower part of the man’s body admiri ng a displayed mannequin wearing red lingerie. This shows that men prefer women who dress skimpily to casually dressed women. These women appear to be extra sexually appealing and attract men. Consequently, this advertisement perceives women as sexual objects and displays women in a negative way. This advertisement is not completely true. For instance, the street appears to be vacant allowing the couple quality time alone. There are shops as shown by the displayed mannequin wearing lingerie. However, we know that shops need clients to keep them functional. The poster neglects this fact and creates an illusion that Axe body spray allows people to be completely alone in the street. The advertisers use this fallacy to create emotion and influence buyers. In conclusion, we are justified to say that this advertisement is effective. The poster effectively uses graphic display and words to convey the intended media message (Jowett and O’ Donell 280). They achieve this by using physi cally attractive people, using a quiet and serene setting. Further, the advertiser’s choice of colors and creativity help them to attract a larger audience. The advertisers capture audience’s attention well and consider their needs. They conform to the audience’s need of being happy, having integrated ego and using distinguished products. Therefore, the use of media propaganda assists the advertisers to achieve their goal. Works Cited Baran, Stanley and Dennis Davis. Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future 6th ed. London: Wadsworth, 2011. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bhasin, Kim. How Axe Became The Top-Selling Deodorant By Targeting Nerdy Losers. 2011. Web. Jowett, Garth and Victoria O’ Donell. Propaganda and Persuasion 4th ed. London: Sage Publications, 2005. Print. Sproule, Michael. Propaganda and Democracy:The American Experience of Media and Mass Persuasion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. This essay on Media Propaganda was written and submitted by user Fallen One to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Her Majestys Attorney-General for Jersey v Dennis Peter Holley †Law Essay

Her Majestys Attorney-General for Jersey v Dennis Peter Holley – Law Essay Free Online Research Papers Her Majesty’s Attorney-General for Jersey v Dennis Peter Holley Law Essay In Her Majesty’s Attorney-General for Jersey v Dennis Peter Holley [2005] UKPC 23 Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead said: â€Å"†¦their Lordships regretfully but firmly consider the majority view expressed in the Morgan-Smith case is erroneous.† Discuss. Holley and Morgan-Smith are just two of several recent cases which have presented to their respective courts with the partial defence to murder, provocation; a doctrine which it is suggested was never truly coherent, logical or consistent. It may be possible to trace the concept of provocation back to the 13th century where juries would consider cases involving a ‘provoked intentional killing in hot blood’ more leniently. However, this discussion will focus on the development of the defence as it has progressed from its statutory footing in the 1957 Homicide Act to the current day and the decision by the House of Lords in Holley. Reference will also be made to older cases following the emergence of the doctrine in 18th century common law and considerations will be made of proposals for reform. Murder is regarded as the most serious of crimes and is unique in that the sentence is fixed by law. In current times this sentence is life imprisonment but until the enactment of the Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act in 1965 , the offence of murder was punishable by death. Still possible with some offences till 1957. It was owing to this mandatory sentence and the laws compassion to human infirmity that the common law partial defence of provocation came about. A successful defence of provocation may reduce the charge to manslaughter thereby allowing for mitigation of sentences. The common law defence is now governed by S3 of the Homicide Act 1957 (1957 Act) which states: ‘When on a charge of murder there is evidence on which the jury can find that the person charged was provoked (whether by things done or by things said or by both together) to lose his self-control, the question whether the provocation was enough to make a reasonable man do as he did shall be left to be determined by the jury; and in determining that question the jury shall take into account everything done and said according to the effect which, in their opinion it would have on a reasonable man’ The section distinguishes two questions, one subjective and one objective both to be answered in considering the defence: Was the defendant provoked into losing his self-control? Was the provocation sufficient to make a reasonable man act as the defendant did? The second (objective) question is the crux of this discussion but it is necessary to highlight the development of the subjective limb first. The defendant must have been provoked, it is not sufficient that he lost his self-control if there is no specific provocative act. In Acott(1997) D had killed his mother, evidence suggested that the attack was frenzied and D had lost his self-control, however the House of Lords held that this was not sufficient for a defence of provocation if there was no evidence of such an act. Having shown that there was a provocative act the subjective question requires that the jury consider ‘whether the provocation was grave enough to warrant a reduction of the crime from murder to manslaughter’ and unavoidably looks at the conduct of the deceased, made clear by Steyn.L in Acott that a jury cannot determine the objective limb without ‘evidence of the nature of the provocation’. This evidence must show that the provocative act was something done and/or said. Circumstances alone cannot amount to provocation, ‘A loss of self-control caused by fear, panic, sheer bad temper or circumstances (e.g. a slow down of traffic due to snow) would not be enough.’ The provocation need not be unlawful, for example; the planning officer exercising his official duties, a 3 week old baby, who was cried constantly, which it is assumed, albeit disparagingly was a ‘thing done’. It is questioned that if theoretically a dog barking can be as provocative as a baby crying, does the provocation need to stem from a human being? The common law as laid out in Duffy(1949) restricted the scope of the defence to acts done by the deceased to the defendant. The 1957 Act impliedly overruled this restriction in that the words or conduct amounting to provocation need not come directly from the deceased. It is also understood that the definition of S3 also enables the defence to be put forward in situations where the provocation was aimed at a third party. This is deemed significant by academics particularly in domestic abuse cases. Loss of self-control was defined by Devlin .J in what is described as a ‘classic direction’; common law required that D had a ‘sudden and temporary loss of self-control.’ S3 has not changed the ‘loss of self-control’ requirement nevertheless it has been at the root of several quandaries since 1957. It is not vital that the defendant has a complete loss of self-control, Taylor LCJ in Richens[1994] stated â€Å"It is not essential that he should not know what he is doing: all that is required is that he should not be able to control what he is doing.† indeed if D did not know what he was doing this would effectively negate the mens rea element of murder and subsequently D could not be found guilty. More here The subjective element attempts to differentiate between provoked killings which have an intrinsic ‘element of involuntariness’ and killings although provoked, have prompted ‘a desire for revenge’. This need to distinguish between the two has brought the ‘sudden and temporary’ aspect into focus. In Duffy Devlin.J explained this aspect in saying. [T]he further removed an incident is from the crime, the less it counts †¦ circumstances which induce a desire for revenge are inconsistent with provocation, since the conscious formulation of a desire for revenge means that a person has had time to think, to reflect, and that would negative a sudden, temporary loss of self-control which is of the essence of provocation Although not a statutory requirement that the courts follow this rule, on several occasions in cases subsequent to the 1957 Act it has been an fundamental part of the defence. In Ibrams(1982) where a planned attack had taken place several days after the provocation the court held there was no evidence of sudden and temporary loss of self control. It has however been argued that this rule is inappropriate and discriminatory in cases of domestic killings, where women who have been subject to systematic and long term abuse have a delayed ‘slow-burn’ reaction and their anger erupts when the fear of danger has subsided for instance, when their abuser is asleep . In Ahluwalia[1993] a case illustrating this point, the court held that the subjective element of the defence is not negated purely because of a delayed reaction, though emphasising that at the time of the killing there must have been a sudden and temporary loss of self-control caused by the alleged provocation. S ummarise As mentioned earlier, the second, objective question is the focus of this discussion. The question was introduced as a means of setting an objective standard against which D’s actions can be gauged. Whereas the subjective question is a matter of fact; was D provoked into losing control? The objective element is entirely a matter for the jury. The question requires the jury assess the ‘seriousness of the provocation †¦ whether the provocation was grave enough to warrant a reduction of the crime from murder to manslaughter.’ To answer the question in the affirmative the jury must be satisfied that the ‘reasonable man’ would have lost control and acted as D did. The reasonable man first made his appearance in criminal law in Welsh(1869) when Keeting J referred to provocation as â€Å"something which might naturally cause an ordinary and reasonably minded man to lose his self-control and commit such an act†. This ‘test’ has a particularly problematic to the courts, the issue arising being whether the reasonable man test when being considered by the jury should be attributed with any of D’s characteristics. Prior to the 1957 Act the courts took an entirely objective view in respect of the reasonable man, taking it upon themselves to instruct the jury on what characteristics the reasonable man may or may not be attributed. In Lesbini(1914) D was deemed mentally deficient and imbalanced yet the jury still had to consider what effect the provocation had on the ordinary man, and as shown by Smith(1915) the hypothetical ordinary man had to be ‘normal in body and mind’ . This objective approach continued throughout the 20th century. Bedder[1954] is one particularly crass example of this. Bedder was a man of 18 who had killed a prostitute after she had taunted him about his sexual impotence. The jury were instructed to disregard the impotence when applying the reasonable man test, effectively this meant the jury had to consider the effect of the victims taunts on a potent man. On appeal to the House of Lords this direction was upheld, Simmonds LCJ, supported their decision by stating that ‘If the reasonable man is then deprived in whole or in part of his reason or the normal man endowed with abnormal characteristics, the test ceases to have any value.’ The introduction of the 1957 Act brought about several changes to the law. The judge had no powers to withhold the defence from the jury even if he thought that there was n. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦fill in †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The 1957 Act made clear that provocation may be by a thing said, this expressly overruled the House of Lords’ decision in Holmes[1946] where it was held that except in the most extreme circumstances words could not amount to provocation. This change is significant when considering what characteristics can be attributed to the reasonable man. In The House of Lords in Camplin[1978] , using a racial slur as a prime example, Simon L. noted that ‘The effect of an insult will often depend entirely on a characteristic of the person to whom the insult is directed. Dirty nigger would probably mean little if said to a white man or even if said by one coloured man to another’ Although laid out in the 1957 Act it wasn’t until over twenty years later that The House of Lords in Camplin marked the turning point in the law and particularly the problems of instilling D’s characteristics on the reasonable man. The House were greatly influenced Camplin was a boy of 15 who killed V, a man who it was claimed buggered D against his will them laughed at him. 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Spanish Verbs That Mean to Ask

Spanish Verbs That Mean to Ask Spanish has several verbs that can be used to translate to ask. They are not all interchangeable, and there are some subtle differences in meaning among some of them. Among those verbs: Preguntar is the verb used most commonly to mean to ask a question or to ask about something. It is often followed by the preposition por to indicate the subject of the inquiry: Preguntà ³ por la situacià ³n legal de su hermano. He asked about his brothers legal situation. Pablo preguntaba por ti. Pablo was asking about you. Preguntà © si habà ­a estudiado la leccià ³n. I asked if she had studied the lesson. Preguntar is the verb used most often to indicate simply that a person had asked a question. -  ¿En quà © pgina est à ©l? - preguntà ³ Juana. What page is it on? Juana asked. Pedir is usually used to indicate a direct request or to ask for (rather than about) something. Like the English verb to request, it does not have to be followed by a preposition. Pidià ³ un coche azul. She asked for a blue car. Sà ³lo pedà ­ que repararan el techo. I only asked them to repair the roof.  ¿Te pidià ³ dinero? Did she ask you for money? Rogar can mean to formally ask or to make a formal request. And depending on the context, it can also mean to beg or to pray. Le rogamos que indique los nà ºmeros de telà ©fono completos. We request that you indicate the complete telephone number. Se ruegan los clientes que tomen las precauciones oportunas para salvaguardar sus pertenencias. Customers are asked to take appropriate precautions in order to protect their belongings. Te ruego que tengas piedad con mi madre. I beg you to have pity on my mother. Fueron a la iglesia para rogar. They went to the church to pray. Invitar can be used when asking someone to do something or go somewhere, much like the English cognate invite. Nunca he invitado a nadie a postear en mi blog. I never have asked anyone to post on my blog. Te invito a mi casa. I am asking you to my house. Solicitar can be used in much the same way as pedir, although it is less common and is most likely to be used with certain types of requests, such as for information, or in legal or business contexts. Solicitan amnistà ­a para ex presidente. They are asking for amnesty for the former president. Solicitaron sus opiniones profesionales sobre el proyecto. They are asking for his professional opinions about the project.

Spirtual care in nursing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spirtual care in nursing - Article Example In phase 2, they used unstructured focus group interviews to allow the participants to expand on their responses from the questionnaire. The questionnaire was validated by a multidisciplinary palliative care committee, who deemed it appropriate for use. Allen S. and smith maintained a clear audit trail through the journaling technique. There was a correlation between the questionnaire and the focus group data. Ethics approval consent was sought from the University Ethics Committee. Permission was also granted from the hospital’s ethics committee in the rural facility. In addition, the participants were assured of independence and confidentiality, and they gave a written consent. In the analysis and discussion of the results four major themes emerged: understanding spirituality, assessment of spirituality, difficulties and education. Also, study limitations emerged. A focus group interview was not appropriate data collection method to use in the study. This was evident from the responses in the focus groups that the meaning of spirituality was inconsistent based on the individual understanding and belief. Also, the questionnaire did not provide an opportunity to give examples of spiritual care. According to the journal article, it is important for the health workers to realize the spirituality as an important component in delivering nursing care in any setting. Smyth, T, & Allen, S 2011, Nurses experiences assessing the spirituality of terminally ill patients in acute clinical practice, International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 17, 7, pp. 337-343, Consumer Health Complete - EBSCOhost, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 March

Engineering Materials Characterization of PM Stainless Steels Essay

Engineering Materials Characterization of PM Stainless Steels - Essay Example Also the effect of temperature and the hardness effect on the steel produced from the mixture will be described with essential research material read over the course of the experiment ad its description (German, 1990) EFFECTS OF BORON IN STEEL Boron is a very useful element when used for alloying purposes in many materials but in the experiment it will be illustrated along with researched facts as an alloying element in steel because of its effect on harden-ability enhancement. Boron is added to unalloyed or low level alloyed steels to enhance the level of hardness of the alloy. Boron steels are used as high-quality, heat-treatable construction steels, steels for carburization and forming cold steels such as steels for screws. The property change with the amount of boron added and the temperature affect will be discussed in detail in the paper (Adam, 2000) Boron also is known to activate liquid phase sintering and to reduce the sintering temperature that is needed a achieve a highly dense alloy metals (Raymond, 1994). The liquid phase arises from the existence of a low melting-point eutectic reaction that is produced by the reaction between the boron and the alloying element in the steel with the alloy is being constructed. ... These small amounts may be sufficient enough to hardened the alloy with the correct heat treatment. For understanding purpose the terms sintering or hardenability should be explained. Sintering or hardenabilty is a measure of how much martensite is formed at a given cooling rate in steel. The hardenabilty of steel is defined as the maximum diameter of a cylinder that has a microstructure that is 50% at its centre after quenching from the austinizing temperature (Reed, pp. 35). Effect of Temperature on the Mixture For the particular purpose of finding out the effect of the addition on boron in them mixture to form PM we need to go through some previous research work which has been done in this particular field. The effects will be described as well proven graphically, which will be extracted from previous researches. Generally it is thought that the PM alloy of boron will have a finer finish and a better sintering value. For pressing on the previous fact we will see the effect of boro n addition into the mixture ranging from Low levels of boron (0.1-0.15%) along with the increase in temperature. ANALYSIS As described above, pictorial reference will be used to explain the description to go along with it. The figure will be color coded and self explanatory but for the purpose of understanding, extended elaboration has been provided. The figure shows the sintered density when the amount of boron is added from being non-existent to a level of 0.15. it is clearly visible that when the concentration of boron increases the sintered density increases. The sintered density is the factor that increases the hardenablity of the steel alloy. At 0% induction of boron in the alloy the sintered density

Marketing For A Non Profit Organisation Commerce Essay

Marketing For A Non Profit Organisation Commerce Essay A non-profit organization is used to depict an organization that exists to accomplish some other objectives than the usual objective profit return on investment or market share (Lamb, 167). In both cases, service business and non-profit organizations are involved in the marketing of services and regularly call for the customers to be there in the course of the production process. Both business and non-profit organization services vary widely from different producer and form time to time even from the same producer. Marketing as regards non-profit organizations is the attempt made by non-profit organization to convey equally fulfilling interactions with the intended markets. Whereas, these organizations differ in complexity and function and operate in varying settings, majority perform some the following functions; recognizing customers they aspire to serve or attract but they regards them as clients, members or patients, stipulate their objectives openly, make a decision what to charge for but use such terms like rates, fees, donations, fare or tuition, plan events that establish where they will located be and where services will be given and communicate about their accessibility by use of brochures, announcements or publics. Frequently non-profit organizations involved in the above named functions do not become conscious they are involved in marketing (Lamb, 167). Marketing in non-profit organizations Marketing is unusual idea for majority of the non profit making organisations. Non-profit organisations are required to understand that marketing is more than just the old sense of selling or getting donations (Blythe, 54). In non -profit organisation, marketing is a means of fulfilling the desires of the consumer and donor. Among the steps a non-profit organisation should take in order to achieve it marketing goals include; identifying the organisations marketing targets facilitates the organisation to discover opportunities and explore them. The identification of marketing targets gives the organisation information required to concentrate on buyers that are interested in what the organisation is offering. Among the three prime areas a non-profit organisation should recognize while creating a marketing strategy include, market goals, communications target and buying target. The target market is who the organisations marketing efforts are focused on. The target market is also the group which the organisation would like to sell its products or services to. This is a group who have an attention in what the organisation is offering. The target market of anon-profit organisation can be divided into segments which can include population, age groups or income levels. The purchasing target of an organisation is used to depict the persons or businesses which are contained in the organisations target market and require the organisations products or services and can actually manage to pay for it. The method of informing the target customers of your products is the communication target (Blythe, 56). Communication target is also used to refer to the various methods or styles employed by the organisation to get to the identified target market. In coming up with marking plans, marketing managers of non-profit organizations must make many choices. These alternatives might include adjustments to programs, adverting, changes in public relations and collaboration with partners. Marketing managers normally make choices on those elements to which they have command of such as the amounts to be apportioned to marketing. These factors are known as convenient variables since they can be altered by the marketing manager. Under normal situations, many forces work outside the control of the marketing manager, such as new laws or environmental changes. These factors are regarded as uncontrollable variables. Managers involved inn marketing planning must make decisions about which controllable variables to control for them to accomplish organizational objectives. Marketing orientation of non-profit organizations A non-profit organization has a marketing focus if it depends on marketing strategies to accomplish its goals. A non-profit organization with a marketing focus employs the array of marketing tasks to gain funds and develop good relationships. When a non-profit is marketing focused, its different units and programs are coordinated to further the mission of the organization, achieve the goals of the organization and communicate a reliable and focussed message to clients , donors volunteers and target public. When all units of a non-profit organization work towards a familiar ambition, there is unity and focus and this result to higher success and steadiness eliminating lack of focus on the purpose. In addition, when all units of an organization are working in harmony and delivering a steady message outwardly, vital areas obtain a clear understanding of the organizations uniqueness and value. A marketing focus enables the non-profit focus outwardly and the staff will focus on their acti vities and their programs. Non-profits mission statement. The mission statement of a non-profit organization should be short and very clear to the point and it should also outline the extent of the organization and should also be realistic, unique, appealing. In addition, a non-profits mission statement is required to spell out three magnitudes of an organizations extent that include; the intended public who the organization intends to serve, the needs of the intended public and the technologies which the non-profit will employ to meet the needs of the publics. The feasibility aspect of a non-profit mission statement describes that it is required to really be capable of accomplishing its mission with the available resources. Furthermore, non-profit mission statement is required appealing to the staff of the organization and volunteers, motivating them by hard work and impediments that are likely to occur. Finally, a non-profits mission statement is required to be exclusive to the organizations it is defined fo r. The general mission of a non-profits and any future planned to the undertaking should be issues to be dealt with the management or directors of the organization. Mission statement should be not be prone to recurrent changes and should be drafted such that technological, market or environmental changes do not occasion for radical redefining. Change in a non-profit organizations mission statement should only be done if only required to preserve reliability and significance. Strategic objectives to accomplish mission in non-profit organization When managers of non-profit organizations are pressured to control resources, get fund s and develop programs to accomplish the mission like saving lives, reducing disability or distributing food. They are required to begin by conducting a strategic analysis of the market to have a clear understanding of what the market requires perceptions, morals and competitiveness. Form an in-depth result of market analysis, the mangers can then be capable of setting the main strategic objectives of the organization. The strategic objectives of a non-profit organization declare the where the organization is focused towards. Strategic objectives need to be clearly stated with marketing and other goals at the lesser units of the organization. Strategic objectives should be drawn in a hierarchal order beginning with the most important to the least importance. The strategies should be equated in numerical values so that their accomplishment can be evaluated without bias. The strategies should also be practicable and dependable with light of the resources available. After developing the organization strategic objectives, then each of the units within the organization should have its specific objectives defined to meet part of the organization objectives depending on its role and competence. The procedure should be repetitive at all levels of the organization, so that it bring into line personal goals to departmental goals and departmental goals to unit goals and finally unit goals matching with the whole organization goals (Wymer et al.,31). Tactical marketing and planning in non-profit organizations The top management teams of non-profit organizations as well as the board of directors are involved in making choices concerning the future direction, objectives and goals of the organization. This engagement is regarded to as strategic planning. Marketing strategies include such activities like, event organizing, marketing study, fund raising, public relations and advertising. A non-profit organization utilizes strategic marketing through coordinated and integrated use of marketing tactics to accomplish its objectives (Kolb, 87). A strategic marketing plan describes a comprehensive plan of marketing activities to be executed over a given period of time to facilitate a non-profit organization to accomplish its objectives and goals. Strategic marketing planning for a non-profit organization involves the practice of collecting information and creating procedures to develop the strategic plan of marketing. Managers of majority of non-profit organizations in the past have not been engaging in strategic planning since they had not had formal training in business field or prior knowledge in that field. The other reason is because non-profit mangers normally start off the organization with a few employees and volunteers who are involved in doing much of the work in initiating the non-profit and non-profit managers believe they do not have time to commit in strategic analysis and planning (Wymer et al., 89). Strategic analysis and planning is very vital for non-profit organizations since they are also concerned about effectiveness and efficiency in selection about spending their resources. With increased competition and requirements for responsibility, having a plan based on through analysis of market is a requirement. In addition, plans enable non-profit organizations to coordinate activities for a given period of time such that activities that need to be accomplished ahead of others are done on time (Wymer et al., 89). Plans facilitate non-profits to set timescales for their various projects and activities. Successful plans should not only be based on market analysis but should also be distributed all through the organization and when everyone has access to the written plan non-profit witness better communication all through. With plans which have in-depth strategic analysis assists in keeping non-profits concentrating on their mission, and preserving the reliability of their organizat ion instead of swaying away due to short term goals. Strategic marketing and analysis planning for non-profit Need-focussed orientation analysis, in this step the strategists required to expose the effect of non-profits present situation. Information, regarding the level of need-focussed situation of non-profit organization can be gleaned by consultation with non-profit mangers, volunteers and employees or by reading past reports (Wymer et al., 101). Managers of non-profit organizations may also enlist the help of volunteers or board members who have knowledge in marketing to assist in the need-focused orientation analysis. New product development process analysis; since majority of offers pass through lifecycles that can easily be predicted for growth to death stage. With a well planned new product development plan in place, a non-profit can predict and evaluate and work through the creation of the best products/ services or programs in addition to or substitute those close to decline. With a formal approach will ensure new concepts are given timely and suitable consideration and the role of coming up with new offers is defined. Analysis of non-profit organization positioning; Since non-profit organizations compete with other organizations for grants, donations and tax monies employees and volunteers, understanding positioning of a non-profit is thus a vital tool for survival and growth. Analysts of non-profits organizations are bound to evaluate the present situation of the non-profit together with the position of its products, services or programs as seen by the current and prospective clients, donors and intended public (Wymer et al., 101). The main goal of positioning analysis is to provide a strategic explanation of what is displayed by perception maps. Analysis of competitiveness of a non-profit organization; If a non-profit organization is not acquainted about each competitor, the search for relevant information will provide at least a bit of information and insight regarding the offers of competitors and activities that can have significance on the non-profits plans. When a market analyst gives out the findings of putting into practice a specific strategy, the no-profit will be able to gauge the real and intended competition response and its results. Analysis of financial status for a non-profit organization; Effective strategic planning requires excellent financial analysis. Accounting for cash flows, margins, breakevens and donations present useful models for planning. Majority f non-profits have specialists in accounting and finance either on their board of directors who aid in financial analysis and the final assessment of choices. Assessment of clients needs in non-profit organizations; Identifying what the clients needs are and where, when and how they can best be met is a vital task. Non-profits clients can be individuals who use the offers of the non-profit or they can be donors. Complex efforts to try to comprehend the needs of the non-profits client are the reason why clients of their own needs differing form experts discernment. Apparently, non-profits have an ethical role for the result of the selection about the needs to serve and those not to serve. Defining alternative strategies in non-profit organizations Strategic alternatives are required to include the 4Ps product, place, promotion and price. Every alternative strategy created needs to be the organizations best tactic to that strategic course. For instance, an alternative for health care offering non-profit may be to spread out their offer in another nation, or redefine its offer to include the target public in its country of foundation. Analysts need not to build up strategic alternatives that are similar except where they are for one area. All alternative strategies should be copied from the situational analysis. Marketing mix for non-profit organisations The marketing mix for non-profit organisations include four factors that are controllable which are, price, promotion, product and place, (Wymer, et al., 122). The four variables can also be joined to form market demand and enable dealings and that needs to be considered when it comes to achieving the public targets. The four factors that can be controlled are in most cases known as the 4 Ps, the price depicts the financial or nonmonetary costs, and promotion depicts the marketing communication with the intended audience. By understanding that even non-profit organisations can control these variables, is vital in making choices about distribution of resources. How to define the offer in non-profit organisations According to, (Wymer et al., 123), an offer in a non-profit organisation is used to describe any combination of benefits in a product, service or social marketing program that can fulfil a need or a want of the target market of an organization. In non-profit organizations offers are not easy to recognize since they do not comprise of tangible products and are in most cases, social marketing programs or services. Product offers are often tangible i.e. can be felt or handled or non-perishable and can also be inventoried i.e. stored for future use. On the contrary, services are intangible, inseparable for the provider, perishable and in some cases they vary depending on the provider on their quality and cannot be stored for later use. Marketing of social program is in most cases difficult to define since they are not tangible, consumable, and in separable than services. Marketing of social programs is often a referred to as issues marketing, social ethics marketing or behavioural change marketing. Matrix of a non-profit model Though models were created for business organizations, non-profit managers still have make a decision the most suitable mix of offers to use. The Gomes/ Knowles Customer Value/Mission (CV/M) model facilitates managers of non-profit to analyze their offers in two extents that are directly related to the non-profit and truthfulness to the mission of the organization and the apparent customer value. The Customer Value/Mission model is utilized to address the needs of managers of non-profit organizations to accomplish non-monetary objectives inherent to their missions as well as be focused on the client by considering present and intended public discernment of the offers by the organization. Social marketing programs marketers aim those programs to persuade attitudes regarding health, lifestyle or social behaviour and in due course the behaviour of their audiences. Thus, attitudes that are as a consequence of social marketing programs do not come into existence independently without the target public. Social marketing programs and services are in most cases difficult to describe since they are more undefined than tangible goods. For example, the offer for International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies offers characterized disaster management programs, such as disaster management, disaster, preparedness, and response to disaster. In disaster preparedness program may encompass capacity evaluation, vulnerability and better programming initiatives. In addition, both disaster response and disaster management can encompass many subprograms of their own. In marketing for a non-profit organization, the direct consumers of the product or service are known as the client publics while the indirect consumers are known as the general publics. For instance, the student body in a university form its client public while the trustees and the alumni form the general publics (Pride and Ferrel, 375). The client publics are given more attention when an organization creates a marketing strategy. Creating a marketing mix for non-profit organizations. A marketing mix strategy confines the choices and concentrates the marketing activities towards accomplishment of organizational objectives. The marketing strategy needs to encompass a plan for decision making regarding product, promotion, distribution and price. These decision factors need to be merged to serve the aimed market. In coming up with the product, a non-profit an organization in most cases develops concepts and services. Hindrances, may crop up in case an organization fails to classify what it is offering. For instance, Peace Corps, offers vocational training services, health services, society development and nutritional assistance. It also markets concepts regarding international collaboration and execution of the foreign policy of United States. Therefore, Peace Corps, product is complicated to illustrate than common business products. The marketing of services which are intangible requires a more marketing endeavour (Pride and Ferrel, 375). Marketing of information and concepts similarly is more difficult than tangibles and much more effort is therefore required in order to gain any returns. Decisions regarding distribution in non-profit organizations are associated to how ideas and services are to be made accessible to the customers. In case the product in offered is an idea, then the choice of the correct media to communicate the idea will fasten the process of distribution. By nature services, are comprised of assistance, availability and convenience. Accessibility is therefore part of the total service. Making a product such as health services accessible requires knowledge regarding retailing ideas such as the location of the health facility. Creating a distribution channel to manage and enable the movement of non-profit products to consumers is a vital role which requires the overhaul of the long-established idea of marketing channel. There is no incorporation of independent wholesalers, in non-profit marketing situations, since the product flow from non-profit organization to the client. The creation and utilization of ideas and services are in most cases instantan eous. Creating promotional decisions might be the first indication that non-profit organization perform as marketing activities. Non-profit organizations utilize advertising and publicity to be in touch with public and customers. Direct mail remains the major method of raising funds for social services like those offered by Red Cross and Special Olympics. Environmental conservation focussed organizations usually face the obstacle in endorsement materials, on how to commune using environmental friendly materials like recycled paper and atmosphere sensitive inks. Progressively more, non-profits organizations have come to use the internet to access fundraising and promotional objectives by use of email, and soft ware that facilitate accepting internet gifts (Pride and Ferrel, 375). Majority of non-profit organizations are also using personal selling, although using another name. Charity organizations and churches depend on personal selling when they send off volunteers to enlist new members and ask for for contributions. Special occasions to collect funds, offer services and communicate ideas are successful promotional activities. For instance, Amnesty International, held a global concert tours featuring renowned musicians to raise funds and create public awareness of political prisoners around the globe ( Pride and Ferrel, 375). Even though, product promotional practices might need only slight adjustment when utilized to non-profit organizations, the pricing is differing and making of decision is complicated. Among the pricing concepts faced by a non-profit organization include pricing in user and donor markets. The two types of pricing methods utilized by non-profit organizations include, fixed and variable pricing. Under fixed pricing, there is a fixed fee for the users or the price might differ depending on the users capability to pay. In a situation, where a donation seeking organization accepts any donation, then its using variable pricing. In developing marketing strategies for non-profit organizations the broadest description of price need to be used. The financial price or exact dollar value might not be charged in a non-profit item. Opportunity cost is the value of the foregone benefit by giving up one alternating and selecting another. Based on this traditional view of pricing non-profit organizations influences individuals to donate time towards a cause or change his or her behaviour are the paid by the individual. For instance, unpaid assistants who answer telephone calls for a university psychotherapy service or suicide hotline, give up their time which they could other wise have spent studying or doing other things and the income they forego from working in a for-profit organization (Pride and Ferrel, 376). In other non-profit organizations, financial cost is a vital component of the marketing mix. Nowadays, non-profit organizations are raising capital by raising the costs of the services they offer, or have started charging for services which initially were not charging for. Non-profit marketing organizations use marketing studies to establish the kinds of products their target market would be ready and willing to pay for. The pricing strategies of non-profit organizations, in most cases focus on the welfare of the client and public over equalization of costs and revenues. Where more funds are required to cover costs, the organization might plead for contributions or grants Beamish, (Karen and Ashford, 225). In marketing for non-profit organizations, the marketing is geared towards non-business objectives as well as social causes. The marketing uses the same ideas that apply to business situations. Whereas the main beneficiary in a business enterprise is the owners, in case of a non-profit organization, the beneficiary should be the clients, the larger public or its members. The objective of a non-profit organization is to portray its exclusive philosophy. The marketing objective of non-profit organization is to obtain required reaction for the intended public. Creating a marketing strategy for a non-profit organization consists of defining and analyzing the intended market and developing and preserving the marketing mix. In marketing of non-profit organization, the product is in most cases a concept or a service (Beamish, Karen and Ashford, 258). Distribution is aimed at announcement of ideas and deliverance of services and the effect is just a short marketing channel. Promotion is very vital to non-profit organization marketing. Among the promotional strategies utilized by non-profit organization include; publicity, personal selling, and advertising to inform the public and the clients. Distinctive features of non-profit organization marketing strategies In the same way like other business organizations, mangers of non-profit organizations develop marketing strategies to bring about equally rewarding interactions with the intended markets (Lamb, Hair and Mc Daniel, 364). Marketing in non-profit organization is different in various ways such as the goal setting, choice of intended markets and creation of suitable marketing mixes. In the private sector, businesses are driven by the profit goal, and its used as a guideline for decision making and criteria for assessing results. On the contrary, non-profit organizations do not search for profits for redistribution to the owners or shareholders. For instance, the Methodist church does not assess its achievement by the amount of cash left in the offering baskets, but the quality and level of service it has been able to provide. Majority of non-profit organizations are required to offer reasonable, effective and efficient services that take action to the needs and likings of multiple constituents who include the users, donors, politicians, payers media and general public. Non-profit organizations do not evaluate their success or failure in firmly monetary terms Lamb, (Charles, Hair and Mc Daniel, 364). The absence of monetary bottom line and the existence of multiple, different, intangible and in some cases vague objectives make giving precedence objectives, decision making and performance assessment difficult for non-profit managers. Non-profit organizations managers must therefore use different approaches from those used by in the private sector business. Intended markets Three distinctive features associated to target markets are exclusive to non-profit organizations. Apathetic targets, whereas private businesses usually give priority to those markets that are probable to act in response to specific offering, non-profits frequently target those who are indifferent about to receiving their services such as vaccinations, psychological counselling and family planning guidance. Non- profit organizations in most cases are pressured to accept undifferentiated segmentation strategies. In certain cases, they fall short of identifying the benefits of targeting or undifferentiated approach may materialize to present economies of scale and low per capital costs. In other, circumstances, non-profit organizations are strained to provide the highest number of individuals by targeting the average user. The difficulty of creating services that target the average user is that there are few average users thus the approach fails to please any market sector Lamb, (Hair, and Mc Daniel, 365). Balancing positioning, The main role of majority of non-profit organizations is to offer services, with available resources to those who are not effectively served by private organizations. Due to this, non-profit organizations in most cases must harmonize rather than struggle with the efforts of others. The spotting undertaking of non-profit organizations is to recognize the poorly served market segments and develop marketing programs to match their needs instead of targeting the places that might offer higher profits. For instance, a university library might view itself as complementing the services of a public library instead of being a rival to it. Product uniqueness between business and non-profit organizations Instead of having simple products concepts, non-profit organizations in most cases market complicated attitudes and ideas. For instance, need to exercise, or eat correct foods, not smoke tobacco, not to drink and drive. The benefits attained from such ideas and messages are complex, intangible, long term and more difficult to commune to clients (Lamb, Hair and Mc Daniel, 365). Strength of the benefits. The benefit strength of majority offerings by non-profit organizations is weak or indirect. To the general public or consumers, there are no individual direct benefits of donating blood, or even requesting the neighbours to donate money to a charity. On the contrary, service business offers their customers direct personal gains in trade. Majority of non-profit organizations are involved in marketing products that bring forth very little involvement such as (Do not Litter) or high involvement such as (Stop smoking). The range for private sector products is a bit narrower. The traditional promotional tools may not be satisfactory to stimulate acceptance of either high or low involvement products. Place distribution decisions The success of a non-profit organization offering is evaluated by its ability to distribute its service offering to intended customers groups at the time they need it and at a suitable location. For instance, majority of land-grant universities in USA provide extension programs throughout their states in order to get to the general public. In addition, some education institutions also present classes to student in locations outside the campus through interactive video equipment. The extent of a service depends on the fixed facilities required for it to be effective and implications for its distribution. Normally services such as rail, beach skating can only are delivered only a particular point. However, majority of non-profit services do not rely on special services to be provided. For instance counselling only needs the meeting of counsellors and the clients (Lamb, Hair and Mc Daniel, 366). Promotional decisions Majority of non-profit organizations are outlawed form openly form advertising therefore limit their opportunity for endorsement. In some cases, some non-profit organizations do not have the funds to pay for advertisements promotion consultants or marketing staff. Among the few special promotional options available for non-profit organizations include; Non-profit organizations, in most cases look for marketing or advertising professionals to assist them create and execute promotion strategies. In certain situations, a marketing agency gives its service in substitute for potential long term benefits (Lamb, Hair, and Mc Daniel, 366). In most cases services given out freely build goodwill individual contacts and general alertness of the donors organization capability and character. Sales promotion activities that utilize existing services or other resources are progressively more being used to create awareness to the offering of non-profit organizations. In other case, non-profit charities work together with other companies to get promotional activities. Use of public service advertising involves an announcement aimed at support a program of a federal, state or non-profit organization. Contrary to business

Addiction and Addictions Essay

Introduction There are many factors that are damaging today’s society. Addictions are a fast growing concern, it has branched off and caused many problems whether it be related to drugs, alcohol, gambling, sex, Internet, or eating. Addictions are something society faces everyday. Although there are many reasons behind why addiction are growing, and where they stemmed from, today’s society has focused primarily on how someone with an addictions problem can seek help. Also the many Gaps and Barriers around addictions are enabling people who wish to seek help from receiving it. The increasing amounts of people with drug or alcohol addictions has increased vastly over the years especially among young teens who are still yet to be of age to buy alcohol. With addictions being a commonly known problem in society, there should be more awareness put out to people on how to help those with an addiction or more services that are equally accessible for those who wish to seek help on their addic tions. Types of Addictions Drugs and Alcohol Even though drugs and alcohol is widely known as bad in society, people continue to abuse it. Once on has chosen to abuse drugs or alcohol continuously they lose the ability to say â€Å"no† to another drink or † no† to another puff of weed. Soon the person will continuously think about drinking or using drugs, and cannot wait to abuse either substance again. Generally there are two components that stem from drug addiction: physical and psychological dependencies. Physical dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the body has become immune to its effects. Where as psychological dependency occurs where a drug as been used immensely and the mind has become dependant and the mind begins to become emotionally reliant on the effects. Either to feel pleasure or to relieve pain, then the mind does not feel capable of functioning without the drug. Internet Addictions Internet addictions not only include an over excessive amount of chat room participation, but it does not help their social or financial well being. Dysfunctional use of the Internet by children as well as adults can result in diminished participation in the family. Over thirty percent of Canada’s population has reported that they use the Internet to escape from everyday life or problems. Either by finding someone else on chat rooms with the same problems or just playing games or â€Å"surfing† the web. Gambling Addictions Gambling has many traumatic effects in a person’s life if it is abused the wrong way. It can cause people to loose their family; can put a person into bankruptcy, fraud, domestic abuse, theft or even homelessness. Pathological gamblers tend to be under the age of thirty. Six percent of gamblers in Canada commit suicide. The government profit from gambling in Canada is thirteen billion nationally. In Canada 340,000 people have a modern or severe case of a gambling addiction. Eating Addictions Food addictions affect mostly a person’s health. Food addictions lead mostly to eating disorders, such as: obesity, diabetes, bulimia and food allergies. An eating addiction is signaled the same way in our brains as an alcohol addiction. Recent studies on rats have proven that eating triggers a pleasure receptor in our brain. Ten percent of people with anorexia or bulimia are male. Eight percent of children in Canada are obese, and twenty three percent are adults. Gaps in Services The majority of agencies have no costs, no referrals, are wheelchair accessible and have age limited restrictions. The new internet addiction has left a gap in services, simply because it went so long before it was † discovered†, agencies are just now figuring out ways to support this  addiction. This makes it hard for someone with an Internet addiction to seek help due to the lack of support out there for the general public to use. Barriers in Services The majority of services are available from ages thirteen plus. Which limits â€Å"teens† under the age of thirteen with addiction problems help. With today’s society having an increasing amount of children drinking, this set’s a bit of a barrier. Since there are no programs offered for children of a young age who have already begun drinking to seek help it allows the problem to grow instead of getting to it when it is still fresh and not yet a full-blown addiction. Although many services do not offer help to those who are disabled. Addiction services are generally offered only in English, which poses a problem for those who have immigrated to Canada or simply have grown up speaking a different language. The hours for addiction centers is limited, unless it is a housing service, most programs run on the nine to five clock, enabling those who seek help after hours from getting the service that is required by them. Local Services Personal Development Programs: Men’s Withdrawal Management Center This shelter is for men going through withdrawals from drugs or alcohol. They offer a short-term residence. Also give information and education sessions for men in a safe environment. Also provide one on one counseling for individuals in purpose of defining specific needs and how to treat them. They take in men who are inebriated, who are going through withdrawals or that are at high risk of falling into old patterns. Service for this center in 7 days a week 24 hours a day, there is no fee; admission is immediate accordingly to bed availability. Advocacy and Referral Programs Mental Health and Addictions Services in Grey Bruce This program also known as DART (drug and alcohol registry of treatment) is helpful for people with addictions or mental health problems locate treatment options. It also links local communities with assessment and referral programs for themselves or people that they know. Socialization Programs CAMH Center For Addictions and Mental Health The largest organization for addictions and mental health in Canada. Its provides research, broad-based education offerings, clinical services and health promotion activities. They provide information on the best services around, their facilities allow you to locate research resource materials, and contribute to addictions and mental health system planning. They are open Monday to Friday 8:30- 4:30, they are only partially accessible, and only provide services in English. Rehab and Therapy Centers FGI World This facilities helps youth with drug or alcohol based addictions. They work with clients one on one with any problems they are having. This is a private organization, and the program is only offered through referral. The program allows you to come and go as pleased, unless you are an involuntary client. The councilors help take you through the steps that got you to where you are and also the choices that you made to get you there. Located on downtown Hamilton. The hours are 8:00am to 6:00 pm. Appointments are to be made no walk inn’s are allowed. Conclusion Throughout this report, there have been examples of all types of addictions. Showing how increasingly they are on the rise, and that day-to-day a new  addiction is born. Without services being available to the new born addictions they continuously grow and there is no way to receive help for them. The amount of young teens becoming addicted to things such as drugs or alcohol has grown increasingly and services are yet to be prepared for that situation. Many of the gaps and barriers within these programs or services are what prevent people from seeking the help they need and deserve. It has been proven that not only are addictions physical they are majority psychological and require a great deal of acknowledgement from family, friends, support groups, and government funded programs, so that people can acquire the amount of treatment necessary. With language and hours of availability being a barrier many people with problems are not getting the help they deserve, Canada needs to broaden its’ options when it comes to addiction programs, allowing twenty-four hour services for people with serious or mild conditions. If the programs continue to enable people from receiving help the amount of people with addictions will continue to increase. Being aware of the problem is the first step to solving one.