Case Study Club Drugs Addiction - 1474 Words

AfterPartyChat: Club Drugs Addiction Beginning with discothà ¨que scene of the 1970s, the recreational and often psychedelic substances commonly known as â€Å"club drugs† maintained their prominence in later decades at nightclubs, concerts, and raves all across the United States. These substances gained their moniker because their use became commonplace in settings where users wanted to enhance their experiences, most frequently used at clubs with loud music, dramatic lights, and countless people dancing for hours late into the night. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the primary users of this group of psychoactive drugs are teenagers and young adults. Depending on the specific substance, these drugs may be ingested orally, snorted, or injected. Certain club drugs are frequently combined with alcohol, and substances that are colorless, odorless, and tasteless have been added to drinks of unknowing victims who can later be powerless to prevent sexual assaults. People who regularly abuse club drugs can develop a tolerance that ultimately increases the amounts they use. Additionally, these individuals can find themselves consuming even more of the substances, and doing so outside of the bars or raves that they originally limited their use to. Types of Club Drugs Whereas many controlled substances targeted by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) are typically derived from nature, club drugs are referred to as â€Å"designer drugs† because they are often manmade.Show MoreRelatedThe Stressors that Come with Fame933 Words   |  4 Pagesthe road such as substance abuse and addiction. Brittany Spears was part of the original cast of cast of the Mickey Mouse Club, has had several meltdowns where she shaved her head, and smashed a car with an umbrella. Alongside Britney stars like Jodi Sweetin, who played Stephanie on the show Full House have struggled with drug addiction in her later years. However there are success stories such as Justin Timberlake, who also started on the Mickey Mouse Club and is now a world renowned artistsRead MoreComparing Music Genres With Drug Abuse Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesGenres with Drug Abuse Researchers have conducted different researchers aimed at investigating the relationship between illicit drug use and specific music genres. In a study conducted by Hesse and Tutenges (83) it was clear that specific music genre promote drug abuse as they contain different lyrical content, imagery in videos and public image artists who attracted huge following among the youths. A study conducted by Edmondson (406) revealed that music could be used as a model to use drugs while theRead MoreAddiction and Society1244 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction and Society Sociology Professor Trembicki February 22, 2013 Abstract Drug addiction is a disease that damages addicts, their families, communities, the economy, and society. Addiction has a widespread reach: from dealing with unpredictable and often dangerous addicts at home to the costs incurred by society as a whole. As the population of addicts rises and the average age of an addict is younger, society is forced to deal with a pressing matter. Addiction is no longer limitedRead MoreHyper Sexuality And Sex Addiction1655 Words   |  7 Pagescommonly referred to as sexual addiction, is a condition diagnosed by psychiatrists and mental health researchers that plagues the addict with intensified and increased sexual impulses. These urges can lead to a significant increase in sexual activity.   Sex addiction is often thought to be synonymous with a high sex drive, but it is comparably as destructive and life altering as many other addictions. Research and studies show that those who suffer from pedophilia, addictions to pornographic material,Read M oreCristy: The Alcoholic Meth Addict1272 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol and Methanphamine Drug addiction. Cristy: The Alcoholic Meth Addict The episode â€Å"Crisy on Meth† is about a twenty-four year old woman named Cristy who was once a popular and sweet girl that is now addicted to alcohol and crystal methamphetamine. This episode is an attention-grabbing reality program on the AE Network. Cristy’s addictions have driven her and her family into a complete crisis. This episode is a real life glimpse into alcohol and methamphetamine addiction and how it affects theRead MoreMandatory Drug Testing for High School Athletes Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pagesdictionary defines a drug as ‘any substance that when taken into the living organism may modify one or more of its functions’† (Newton 12). However, when speaking of drug testing for abuse a person is usually thinking about illegal drugs or drugs that can alter athletic performance in sporting events. Mandatory drug testing was not allowed in public schools until June 2002 when the Supreme Court allowed for public schools to do random dru g testing (Carroll 23). This decision allowed for drug testing inRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuan A Controversial Issue Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol to achieve the recreational use because it was not a social threat. Marijuana clubs were built in every major city in United States. According to the research, until 1930s, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Narcotics classified marijuana as an addicting drug that could cause users turn into a narcotic addiction. The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 considered marijuana alongside heroin and LSD as a Schedule I drug, which have a relatively highest risk of abuse and no authorized medical use. The â€Å"zeroRead MoreIs Lottery a Good Idea1189 Words   |  5 PagesWashington were all prominent sponsors of specific lotteries for public works projects. Major Forms of Gambling Casinos – these are places where people can place bets on games. Lotteries – these are drawings in which people buy tickets. In this case a ticket number will be selected randomly whoever matches the tickets will be the winner of the cash prize. Most of the lotteries are held by the States. Poker –According to Encarta World Dictionary is a â€Å"card game in which players attempt to acquireRead MoreDecriminalization of Prostitution1123 Words   |  5 Pagesthat relating to sexual addiction, the effects on the prostitutes’ emotional and physical wellbeing, or even the acknowledgment of the organized criminal element behind prostitution. This article was written on March 14, 2008; just two days after Governor Eliot Spitzer announced his resignation as Governor of New York. Kelly wrongly interprets the event that were unfolding as public support for his resignation due to be caught with a prostitute. This is clearly not the case. The problems here areRead MoreAlcohol Death And Its Effect On Family Life1625 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States but others countries. Wine and liquor is considered such as alcohol drink which is moderate amount of it and gives the person a sense of pleasure, harmony, forget the difficulties and hardships of life. However, thousands of alcohol-death case happened every year and more than 1/3 of adult people drank alcohol to cause themselves in a high-risk situation.So, the long-term alcohol into the body will lead negative effect to alcohol addicts. A person who is considered consume too much alcoholic

Monster Mini Golf Free Essays

Monster Mini Golf, an indoor, 18-hole, glow-in-the-dark, monster-themed family entertainment center created and developed by husband and wife Patrick and Christina Vitagliano, started its operations in 2004 under Monster Entertainment, LLC. In the hopes of expanding operations and taking full advantage of the increasing popularity of family oriented entertainment centers, Monster Entertainment, LLC opened its doors to interested franchisees in 2005. The estimated capital investment needed to set up a franchise of Monster Mini Golf ranges from $147,000 to $255,000, which already includes the franchise fee of $30,000. We will write a custom essay sample on Monster Mini Golf or any similar topic only for you Order Now Initial term of the Franchise Agreement is five years and franchise is renewable for three successive terms of five years each. There is also a royalty fee of 9% of gross sales paid weekly for their continuing support services. Monster Entertainment, LLC has designed an easy to use business system for the franchisees of Monster Mini Golf. Aside from the support from management office, they also entitled to the following benefits: Training. All franchisees are required to participate in a comprehensive training course that lasts approximately four weeks. This intensive program focuses on all aspects of the franchise system, products, services and techniques in operating the business. Training also covers management methods pertaining to personnel, office, sales, computer software and marketing procedures. On-site assistance. Management provides an on-site assistance to franchisees two weeks before the scheduled opening. Aside from this, they also conduct periodic site visits to provide guidance and assistance in the franchisee’s operations. 1.   All franchisees will also receive a Monster Mini Golf Operations Manual that contains specifications, standards, procedures and recommendations to aid investors in the operation of their Monster Mini Golf franchises. Marketing materials and website development. Franchisees are provided with various publicity, advertising materials and other promotional items. Each location will also be given its own section in the company’s website. Protected area or exclusive territory. Monster Entertainment, LLC awards only a limited number of franchises per geographic location based on franchisee’s location, population and drive time to the guaranteed site. To be considered for a possible franchise rights, interested parties are asked to complete and submit Confidential Franchise Info Request form available online. Selection is based on the applicant’s disposition, sales, customer service skills, and their experience in basic inventory control, money management and budgeting. Other qualifications include maturity, judgment, stability and adaptability. One important issue that a prospective franchisor must consider is the local government regulations and taxes. In the United States, franchising is governed by both federal and state laws and in other countries, the industry is being regulated. State registration though, may not be necessary depending on the franchise’s location. Other legal matters important to the set-up of a franchise would include compliance issues and documentation requirements. Other economic and financial factors that a franchisor must also look at include organizational structures, accounting practices, financial projections, financial responsibilities and anticipated market conditions. References http://www.monsterminigolf.com http://www.franchisegator.com http://www.francorpconnect.com http://www.entrepreneur.com http://pennsylvania.franchisesolutions.com/business_for_sale http://www.franchise.org http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode How to cite Monster Mini Golf, Essay examples

Leadership and Team innovation Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Team innovation Management. Answer: Introduction: Transformational leadership model in my view descries leadership style where the leader works hand in hand with its subsidiary staffs so as to identify issues that need change. As a transformational leader, I create visions which guide such changes by inspiring my followers. Further, I always serve with an aim of enhancing motivation, morale and increasing job performance of my followers (Eisenbeiss et al., 2008). My charismatic value makes use of various mechanisms to introduce morale and motivation to the servants including use of multicultural identities within a unified society. These mechanisms include increasing relation to their servants by connecting their sense of identity, acting as their role model so as to inspire them developing their interest and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of their followers. This makes me to effectively match with the followers interest making them improve their performance. Traits and values of transformational leadership model As a transformational leader, I am usually honest and show high levels of integrity. One of the things I keeps in mind that leaders who are a congruent act in harmony with their values and beliefs. As such, I am expected to do walk the talk and talk the walk. In addition, have made it a habit to be ready to listen to every concern and claims from my servants and understand their demands. This is normally achieved by giving full attention to the people and observing their tonal variations without disrupting them while speaking. I also give relevant feedbacks to address the demands and claims from those whom they lead (Bass, 2006). The other value that I show is empathy to my servants. This value enables me to understand peoples intentions and perspectives towards a particular concern. As such, I do view every suggestion to be important and necessary to be put into consideration. As such, transformational leadership does have open-mindedness when addressing followers. Moreover, this model of leadership mostly uses persuasion rather than authoritative command in addressing the followers. With this, I can aim to build unity and consensus among different people. Also, I use several tools of persuasion to achieve this without damaging the relationship and unity of the followers (Schneider, 2002). The use of this model enables me to be capable of growing my organization by restoring trust among my followers simply by the use of talents, skills, and knowledge. I am capable of producing results and excellence performance. According to the transformational leadership model, the traits of an effective leader are enthusiasm, honesty, goal oriented and charismatic. To determine the traits and values of transformational leaders To determine the influence of transformational leadership model To understand the concept of transformational leadership model According to the recent studies, the transformational model of leadership is frequently associated with a lot of positive outcomes as compared to other leadership models such as transactional and laissez-faire model. This is because when I demonstrate transformational leadership I stand a better chance of improving the employee productivity as they are usually involved in various activities such as decision-making processes which assist to drive the organization towards attaining its success. Transactional leadership model for instance majorly focuses on the use of rewards and punishments in the handling of their followers (Gumusluoglu and Ilsev, 2009). As such, this leadership model fails to be effective in the management of its followers and employees as some work under pressure due to the fear of getting punished if not rewarded. The transformational model looks towards making future changes which wholly accommodates the followers interests. Therefore, my followers do feel inspire d and interact towards goal accomplishment. In the other case, transactional leadership only seeks to maintain their status quo with no vision of focusing on future. Consequently, I find transformational leadership model to be better off than laissez-faire model. In laissez fair, individuals are usually granted leadership seats without having leadership skills and capabilities. This leaves the followers to be in a position for self-drive and guidance. Therefore, my transformational leadership model is oriented to positive outcomes, the laissez-faire is usually subjected to a lot of negative outcomes with regard to follower satisfaction and effective leadership. Benefits of transformational leadership model to an organizational relation Transformational leadership model in most cases is associated with charismatic leadership personnel which is able to make the subordinates staffs feel motivated and personate about the success of the company. Therefore, the benefits of the model are usually eminent in various aspects as discussed below (Gumusluoglu and Ilsev, 2009). Transformational leaders are always capable of engaging their followers in a joint teamwork. Therefore, I am expected to utilize the seven cornerstones of team work. In such attempts, I should always be accountable for the events of my followers. Team setting should be achieved with the aim of taking every responsibility of the teams final results. Due to the fact that transformational leaders are expected so much on the line, I should be extremely motivated to maintain the team spirits for my followers. In addition, I am expected to employer my followers for by assigning them various tasks and providing resources to effectively achieve their goals. Ethics do play a very important role in transformational leadership. As a leader, I am always in constant motive to change my corporates values so as to reflect more human standards of fairness and justice. In addition, I do share qualities that revolve around the good ethics, emotions and values that influence the followers. In turn, they are always inspired with the leaders. To me, ethics is always the code of honesty to us and to our organization. However, the level of ethics may vary with respect to what we are habituated to. It is the moral conduct that defines the personality of an individual in question. Therefore, transformational leaders part themselves with good ethical conducts. To speak of Transformational leadership model, I am able to use different beliefs in the organizational vision and mission to inspire my staff members and other employees. This, in turn, makes the staff be more productive and work towards achieving the organizations set goals and achievements. The idea behind the transformational leadership is that I can find all the ways to get the entire work staff on board with a corporate approach and planning (Wang et al., 2011). Once the entire organizational staff is on one level, they can work together with a vision to attain a common goal for the organization/ industry. With Transformational leadership model I can guide several organizational managers towards the future operation of the organization. In that line of thought, I can provide the managers with future vision and strategies to reach that vision. In response, they also become transformational managers with ideas and visions for the companys future that they strive to attain together as a team. In addition, I do have the potential of reaching out to the organizational staffs and bringing the best out of them. In most of the time, I do spend my time with the employees trying to seek ways to improve the working conditions and work much easier (Sarros and Santora, 2001). Such individual attention does create a strong bond between the organizational management and the employees and as such, the employees turnover is greatly reduced. The growth of an organization is solely dependent on the managerial process. Therefore, transformational leadership model provides me with the platforms to intimately involved with the staff and the growth of their industry. Close contact with the company staff also accelerates the growth of a company. Components of transformational leadership model This kind of leadership model which has vision, inspiration, daring, thoughtful and risk-taking traits are usually found nearly in every department of a successful organization. The components of transformational leadership enables me to have charisma and be capable of changing how my organization operates for a better outcome as shown in the figure 1. One of the crucial foundations for transformational leadership model to me is the ability to inspire my followers. As such, I do promote consistent visions, missions, and values for my followers which compel them to inspiration. Also, I do guide my followers by providing them with their sense of belonging. As such, they take the obligation and the challenge to themselves to interact and deliver their duties with enthusiasm to drive the spirit of teamwork (Wang et al., 2011). As regards to transformational leadership, I frequently encourage my followers on the new ideas that they have on board. In addition, I do not always criticize the followers in public as this would demoralize them. Blaming my followers reduces morale and therefore I majorly put their concentration on the solution towards the problem More, I am always aware of my capabilities to influence the followers. As such, I do fulfill my words and promises since majority of them see me as their role model. The main idea behind my influence is the fact that I do know how to win the trust and respect from my followers. In maintaining such trusts, I must always show high ethical conduct and sacrifice my personal wants to the people. Individualized consideration Here, I am expected to act as a mentors to my followers and may pay them to reward for being creative or innovating. Fortunately, the followers are usually treated differently with respect to their talents and skills. Therefore, I do provide them with the necessary support to achieve this. Interestingly, I am not usually of self-interest but for the general benefit of my followers. In parallel to the alteration of the existing structure and influence to the people, that my transformational leadership model seeks understand how to manage my followers up to their satisfaction. I do want my followers to do as per my directions in the attempt to lead them to a promised destination. The route forward may not be obvious but with clear vision and determination, the direction will always be known. Hence, finding the direction to be followed by the followers usually complex and therefor I will always accept that there will be failures and success in the long run (Sarros et al., 2008). However, my main aim is always to succeed. I can apply this model of transformational leadership in every institution that is seeking to transform its leadership styles for the better performance. Companies which have a low morale of workers can always implement this kind of leadership style (Bass, 2006). Moreover, tutors also are advised to lead their students using this model. This will enable the follower to boost their morale and feel their sense of belonging. Conclusion The transformational leadership model is one that is very effective in a company or an organizational operation. It acts as a source of motivation for the followers and this can help to improve the performance of the institution involved. Transformational leaders are always brave and charismatic and as such, they act as role models for various followers. Therefore, I recommend institutions to consider having leaders who portray this model as it will increase their chances of achieving success. Reference Bass, B.M. and Riggio, R.E., 2006.Transformational leadership. Psychology Press. Eisenbeiss, S.A., van Knippenberg, D. and Boerner, S., 2008. Transformational leadership and team innovation: integrating team climate principles.Journal of applied psychology,93(6), p.1438. Gumusluoglu, L. and Ilsev, A., 2009. Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation.Journal of business research,62(4), pp.461-473. Sarros, J.C. and Santora, J.C., 2001. The transformational-transactional leadership model in practice.Leadership organization development journal,22(8), pp.383-394. Sarros, J.C., Cooper, B.K. and Santora, J.C., 2008. Building a climate for innovation through transformational leadership and organizational culture.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,15(2), pp.145-158. Schneider, M., 2002. A stakeholder model of organizational leadership.Organization Science,13(2), pp.209-220. Wang, G., Oh, I.S., Courtright, S.H. and Colbert, A.E., 2011. Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of research.Group Organization Management,36(2), pp.223-270.

Vietnam Turning Point free essay sample

There were many incidents during the Vietnam War that one could call a turning point. These include the 1 963 Buddhist riots, the coup against Diem in 1 963, President Kennedys 1963 assassination, the Gulf of Tontine resolution on 1964, and the presidential elections in 1964. With that in mind, the attack on the ISIS MADDOX in assays also a key turning point for American involvement in the war.In August 1 964, North Vietnam intentionally attacked the US MADDOX. The first incident occurred on August 2, 1964. Patrol boats were sent by the Vietnamese to sink the MADDOX, however the MADDOX sunk the patrol boats and left the area (Farrell). The supposed second incident occurred two days later when the MADDOX and the US Turner Joy believed themselves to be under attack again though there was never any evidence to us port the attack. These were the first intentional attacks brought against the U. S. By the North Vietnamese.Because of that it should be considered to be a major ruining point and not just another event in war. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam Turning Point or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These intentional attacks showed the Vietnamese intent to fight the U. S. When there had not previously been the intent. America had to act on this and they did so by creating the Gulf of Ton kin resolution. The resolution states the Congress approves and supports the determination of the president, as Commander-in-Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.The United States is therefore prepared, as the President determines, to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom (Moss, 2010)With that we were prepared to act on any attacks if necessary. Leading up to the Gulf of Tontine incidents was the coup against Diem and the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963.

The Role of Trade in Japans Economy

The Role of Trade in Japans Economy The purpose of this paper is to examine the proposition that has been put forth by many that Japan's post-war economic success has been due to a policy of export-led growth. It is important to understand that Japan is currently the second largest economy in the world. Even more, the country enjoyed decades of economic growth following World War II that was unmatched by all other countries around the world (Economic Overview, 2007). However, a determination of whether exports are an important part of this growth requires both an analysis of economic policies and developments in the country, as well as a comparison of these policies to a theoretical framework explaining economic growth.Theoretical Framework of ExportsBlumenthal (1972) explained that exports can be an important part of an economy's growth in three different ways. First, exports are how a country obtains money that contributes to growth in its gross domestic product.English: World GDP growth rate and GDP growth rate...In order for a country to see growth in its GDP, it must have a continuous level of exports to foreign countries. In addition, increases in the level of exports from a country actually help to increase the level of production in other industries within the country. For example, a country may have a high level of exports of agricultural products. The exports in the agricultural industry help industries that produce farm equipment, as well as the shipping industry and even the chemical industry that produces the pesticides and fertilisers needed to produce high yields of crops.The third way explains how exports help a country to create a level of trade with foreign countries that in turn bring in new technologies and innovations. As new products are brought into a country through trade, these products can be sold by domestic companies. Even more, they can help to...

Definition Essay A Powerful Guide to Writing an Excellent Paper

Definition Essay A Powerful Guide to Writing an Excellent Paper A definition essay is a type of academic writing that explains what a term or a concept means. What Is a Definition Essay? A  definition essay  (see all essay types) is a piece of writing that explains what a term or a concept means. Some terms have definite, concrete meanings, such as glass, book, or tree. Terms such as honesty, honor, or love are abstract and  depend  more on a persons point of view. The term may be evaluated from the  direct, or  exact meaning and from the point of the subjectivity of the person defining the term. The aim is not only to provide the dictionary definition but also to expound on why the word is defined in such a manner. The approach to be used depends on the subject, your readers, and the essay’s purpose. 3 Steps to a Powerful Definition Essay When you strat writing a definition essay follow 3 main steps Step 1: Tell readers what term is being defined. Step 2: Present clear and basic information. Step 3: Use facts, examples, or anecdotes that readers will understand. Choosing Ideas for Writing a Definition Essay Choosing a definition is a key step in writing a definition essay. You need to understand the term for you to be easy to define it for others. Read the dictionary, but dont just copy the definition. Explain the terms definition briefly in your own words. In addition, it is important to limit your term before you start defining it. For example, you could write forever on the term love.  To limit it, you would write about either romantic love, platonic love, or first love. If you are assigned to write a definition essay here is a great list of definition essay topics: 15 INTERESTING DEFINITION ESSAY TOPICS If the definition essay topics from the list above dont match your assignment and you need another topic for a definition writing feel free to contact our writing service or read an article on How to Pick Proper Essay Topics. How to Write a Definition Essay: Outline and Format Definition essay outline format is similar to that of a typical essay and includes several unique characteristics. Typically, it includes introduction, body and conclusion parts. Here is a detailed focus on each section. Definition Essay: Introduction Start with one of the various techniques, such as a short anecdote, an extended definition, or some open-ended questions. Your introduction should conclude with a distinct, precise thesis statement that tells your readers just what your essay will be discussing. All body paragraphs directly and clearly support the thesis statement. The thesis statement usually identifies the term being defined and provides a brief, basic definition. If you are looking for definition essay examples here is a great one below. DEFINITION ESSAY EXAMPLE Definition Essay: Body Paragraphs Create a thorough definition.  There are several ways to define a term. Here are a few options. Define by function Explain what something does or how something works. Define by  a structure Tell how something is organized or put together. Define by analysis Compare the term to other members of its class and then illustrate the differences. These differences are special characteristics that make the term stand out. For example, compare a Siberian husky to other dogs, such as lap dogs, mutts, or sporting dogs. Define by what the term does not mean This distinction can sometimes clarify a definition and help a reader to better understand it. Use understandable facts, examples, or anecdotes. Select facts, examples, or anecdotes to fully explain your definition. Ask yourself, Which examples will best help readers understand the term? What examples would most appeal to my readers? Will a brief story reveal the terms meaning? Do not use any examples that will not support the definition. Definition Essay: Conclusion Restate the thesis statement in other words. Give an overview of the main points of the paper, referring from the entire body paragraphs. Link back to the attention grabber to conclude your essay. The Dos and Don’ts of a Powerful Definition Essay Writing: Need a definition essay? Our writers are experienced in all types of essays writing, including a definition essay. Place an order today to get your definition essay on time.

The Loyalty Card as a Promotional Tool to Improve Customer Essay

The Loyalty Card as a Promotional Tool to Improve Customer Satisfaction - Essay Example From this discussion   it is clear that loyalty cards are the prominent loyalty cards used in maintaining customers to attain maximum profits. The aim is to provide customers with shopping loyalty cards that accumulate points on every shopping visit. Accumulation of the points aids the customer at a future date to redeem the points by purchasing products from the store without using liquid cash. Customers also get access to special discounts as long as they have the card.Consumers are spending less on non-essential items. The use of loyalty cards to secure and retain customers is a scheme used by many individuals to attain profits. The project aims to analyze and evaluate the impacts of the current financial crisis on consumer buying behavior. Tesco as a store gets a huge number of clients on a daily basis. It is important for them to seek interest on the impact of loyalty cards on customer satisfaction and retention. With the loyalty cards program, Tesco ensures that they purchase non-essential items with the use of the loyalty cards with the hopes of securing a sale in future. As the study outlines Tesco is a company with a large customer clientele hence retaining the customers remains a big challenge for them to achieve. The main objective of using loyalty cards is to offer a clear analysis by offering existing customers the cards. Every customer who purchases a certain amount of products is provided with a card that will be used to obtain points. The objective is to have all clients in the database enabled for use of the reward scheme. The research will ensure proper usage of resources to attain the maximum number of clients. As the research analysis continues collecting information on how clients view the study comes in as an important aspect. Tesco is an international chain of stores. The company sells products ideas to customers willing to experience first customer service.  

Talent Leadership Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Talent Leadership Model - Assignment Example Such as selection, training and development, succession as well as performance management. Talent management generally mandates human resource professionals as well as their clients to comprehend the way talent is defined, i.e. who should be regarded as ‘the talented’ and what should be the backgrounds of talented employees in an organization. In the context of talent management, talent leadership can be identified as the method of selecting and administering the performance of a particular team who assist in fulfilling the vision of an organization. It is quite significant for an organization to attract and retain the best talent in order to create the leadership pipeline. Organizations are further required to develop an efficient working climate so that they can generate higher productivity as well as requisite learning environment. Considering the talent management principles, the paper intends to propose a talent leadership model that can be successfully deployed by an organization for developing the performance. The objective of the paper is to describe various steps of talent leadership model and define how it can be beneficial for an organization to manage talents. In order to grow and thrive in the current business environment, there is requirement for talent leadership, robust communication as well as effective performance management in an organization. The direction in which an organization grows is basically dependent upon the effectiveness of the leaders to manage the talented employees.

Pe pep on swimming Essay Example for Free

Pe pep on swimming Essay have chosen the activity swimming because I am very interested in it. I have been doing it since early primary school and have continued onto now the end of secondary school. I think that it is the sport I no most about and I am most interested in doing. I swim in school and also out, I have progressed through out the years in my level of performance and I believe completing a personal exercise programme will improve my performance in all areas even more to a higher level. I have swam with people at higher standards than myself and also lower. I have been swimming for 12 years and it has developed to become one of my favourite physical activities. This has included watching England swim and participating with high level people my self. I personally enjoy this sport so much because of the techniques needed. It is a very exciting activity and does need a lot of taking part. Your body has to be thinking in different ways and working at high standards. I like the involvement that is expected from you in training sessions and the exciting in races and competitions. It is an individual activity and you must focus on you and only. I dont just like to swim I also take part by swimming very frequently. I previously swam for the school team and have also took part in outside of school teams. I would also like to now proceed further into swimming and sign on to a local team. This will hopefully help me to become a stronger swimmer as I will be around others with a lot of skill and devotion. I have training once or twice a week and competition come up quite often. My most preferred lane when racing is the outside left lane To be successful in Swimming   A swimmer needs to have the following qualities and components of fitness as with out these they wont be able to play up to the standards of the other competators and this is essential to win.Another one of my strong components would be agility. I believe coming out strong in half of my tests is a good because then I can focus on the other three and hopefully improve my performance in swimming. I have pointed out my weak areas and they are speed endurance and especially strength. I think strength is my main area that I need to work on. Even though the other components relate into swimming more this area still needs improving on to make my swimming standards higher.  I have decided I am going to use the school fitness suite at least three times a week for five weeks. This is as well as doing my usually training and sports. I am going to start of by building up my body on a cardiovascular machine. This would be a bike, a treadmill, a steeper machine, or a cross trainer. I will start on the first day by completing 10 minutes on a medium speed and then push my self to the faster level my body will take me for the last two minutes. I will then go onto another cardio vascular machine mentioned above different machine to what I started on and complete 10 minutes on a medium speed and also in the remaining two minutes push my body to the limit.  As I am working on me strength I am going to focus on the weight machines in my arms. The more power I can build up in my arms the stronger my strokes will become. I am going to start at around 20 reps per machine. I am going to begin my weight work out by using an arm weight machine then changing to my legs then finishing once again on an arm. This is making me work more on arm machines which will hopefully lead to an improvement in my weak area. I will then end each session by warming my body down once again on a cardiovascular machine. One of which I listed earlier. I will start by working on a steady speed for 10 minutes and then pushing the speed to the highest my can take for five minutes. I will go up a km each 40 seconds until my body reaches the limit.  Each time I go into the fitness suite I am going to build on my goal. On my first session the work out plan will be what I have explained above. Then the following I will add more reps and more machines. This is to push my body gradually to the limit. This will also help on my endurance because I am pushing my body more and more each time making myself work harder and for longer periods of time. Training Programme.  The following is what I did in the fitness suite for five weeks. As I went in three times I week I completed the same work out in the same week. As I went in to the next week I then pushed my self harder. This was so I wasnt building up my body to fast and to prevent injury.

Essay --

Preservation and Conservation Methods Preservation is a crucial element in the whole operation of a records programmed. The aim of archival preservation is to prolong the usable life of useful research information in two ways. First, preventive preservation seeks to reduce risks of damage and to slow down the rate of deterioration. This aim is usually accomplished by selecting good quality materials and by providing suitable storage environments and safe handling procedures. Secondly, prescriptive preservation is a means of identifying and treating or copying damaged materials to restore useful access to the information. A variety of methods exist to protect audiovisual materials physically and ensure their stability and security. Environmental controls, the use of quality storage containers and good handling practices will help extend the life of archival materials. 2.6.1 Techniques of preservation Proper Care and Handling of Audio Visual Materials Taking care when handling any collection item is one of the more effective, cost-efficient, and easily achieved preservation measures. General †¢ Wash and thoroughly dry hands before handling A/V materials †¢ Store and handle materials in a clean environment †¢ Keep food and drink away †¢ Do not touch playing surface(s) †¢ Keep playback equipment clean and well maintained †¢ Allow materials from cool storage to acclimate to room temperature before playing back Discs †¢ Handle grooved discs (78s, 45s, LPs, lacquer discs) by the edge and label areas only †¢ Handle optical discs (CDs, DVDs) by the edge and center hole only Magnetic tape (Cassettes, Audio and Video) †¢ Handle by the outer shell only †¢ Do not touch the spools 2.6.2 Storage Audiovisual are made of modern materials that may have inh... ...n general scope within the institutional objectives in supporting the outreach programs aims Exhibition Exhibition Details Nation’s Memoir ï‚ § Exposing the audiences to the interesting places, important events and people both the ordinary one and includes the extraordinary who have take part in developing the country into what it is now – a proud nation. The Galleria ï‚ § It has been planned to a suitable period for viewing to our audiences to be on our daily opening hours and open for reservation for particular purpose of visit. The Galleria included several Malaysia’s valued audiovisual records and archives on our collection. It could be referred to be ‘birth certificates’ for our beloved country. The related items in The Galleria may covers subject ranging from cultural heritage, historical places, and other appropriate items to be showed to the audiences.

Movie Reflection

What is in your movie? ENG 225 Hannah Judson March 15, 2010 What is in your movie? How does one analysis a movie? How does one watch a movie? What are you looking for in the movie? When you watch the movie, does the movie tell you a story or do you learn any life lessons from it? Movie making is considered an industry and an art form; as an artist media, it can come in a form of expression. A movie has so many components intertwined into it to make it overall and complete. Therefore, is there any one component that is superior to the other when the creators are composing the movie?There are so many elements and components used in creating and analysis a movie. However, before we take a look at those elements, let’s take a look at the history of films. Let’s start with silent films; many silent films were produced in the United States back in the early 1900’s. However, filmgoers never really got to enjoy the film in the theaters as they were intended to be seen. S ilent films were meant to be viewed with the intentions of a full musical orchestra behind the film as was the case with The Birth of a Nation in 1915 (Griffith, 1915).The silent film, with the full musical composition playing behind it, made the movie experience seem much more complete. Now days, so many years later, after the original context, the films have lost the excitement as was intended by the directors. As we look more into the actual making of the film itself, each and every film was recorded on a reel of film. Until the standardization of the projection speed of 24 frames per second (fps) for sound films in 1926, silent films were shot at variable speeds or â€Å"frame rates†, typically anywhere from 16 to 23 frames per second or faster.Unless carefully shown at their original speeds they can appear unnaturally fast and jerky, which reinforces their alien appearance to modern viewers. Eventually, they had the ability to add shades of color into the film. When they wanted to add color into a particular shot, they would actually have to hand paint the slide prior to the film being projected. After many attempts to color each slide and make a complete movie, the directors realized how difficult and time consuming it was to complete it. As time went on, they tried to use another technique known as â€Å"tinting†; this was done by coloring the film stock prior to printing on the film.This two-color effect would display the look of black and white and whichever other color that it was tinted in, for example, if they wanted to have a night scene, they would tint the stock blue to make the allusion of a night scene. As was the case in the movie Intolerance (Griffith, 1916), by the Pioneer director D. W. Griffith, also known as the, â€Å"Father of American Films† (Boggs & Petrie, 2008, p. 482). Another coloring technique that was used was known as â€Å"toning†; this was done by adding dye to the film itself so that the lines of the image were colored.By combining the two steps of toning and tinting gave it a two color image experience. Furthermore, as it comes to the langue of the silent films, we could hear a breath taking and moving experience even without the actors saying a word. When the actors were acting in a silent film they were able to communicate and express to the audience by body language, purely by visual elements. How they were able to say so much and have the audience’s attention and involvement was done by their ability to communicate with their eyes, mouth, hands, and body movement.For example, in the movie, City Lights (Chaplin, 1931), Charlie Chaplin, was able to get the audience involved and laughing with his ability to use his body language and facial expression. He would make distinct facial expression with his eyes, eyebrows and mouth to display a stage of concern, happiness, or disbelief, and his ability was very powerful. The silent film language was not limited to the fac e alone; it was expressed by all aspect of the actor’s body. Another very important element of silent films was the actor’s ability to walk. We would think that being able to walk in a film would have no merit to it.No so, as in the case of Charlie Chaplin, he had a very unique walk of his own. When Charlie Chaplin would walk in the film, you could tell who it was without even seeing the actor’s face. It has stated that silent films at its best could express ideas that words itself could not express. As we have enjoyed silent films for many years, we have come to love and enjoy other forms of techniques that unfortunately were not in the silent films. For example, as we moved out of the silent film era, we moved deeper into sounds and we are therefore able to hear the dialogue that gives a different type of expression and experience.Considering that film is usually thought of as a visual medium, sound plays an incredibly vital role. There are three very importan t elements that go into creating sounds in motion films, they are, sound effects, dialogue, and musical score. By adding these elements into the movie, they are increasing the involvement and intensity of the experience. Capturing great quality of sound for the movie is another craft that you will need to learn. If the film contains dialogue, it is very important to be able to record it so the words and mouth movements match up; this is known as â€Å"lip sync†.Shooting film is not just getting a hold of a camera, unlike video, you cannot just record sound directly into the camera, and you will need to record onto sound-recording equipment, like a tape recorder. Although the â€Å"Nagra† reel to reel was the standard for decades, DAT (Digital Auto Tape) has captured the market because of its quality, convenience, and price. Sometimes when recording a film and the dialogue is not very clear during the shoot and must be re-recorded in a studio, preferably using the same recording equipment used during the shoot, this is known as â€Å"dubbing†.There are many different types of equipment that are available for recording known as the ADR (Automatic Dialogue Replacement). When it is necessary, the actors would sit in a sound-proof booth with a screen to play back the movie and allow the actors to re-enact the scene and re-record the dialogue all over again. On feature films, sound engineers use huge multi-track mixing desks and high quality monitor speakers to ensure that the audio is well-balanced and what needs to be heard is audible. Furthermore, any sounds that were not captured during the shoot are added at the post-production stage.Work on sounds that need enhancing; footsteps, doors, creaking, and so on, are usually done by a Foley artist. They create and record all manner of sound and noises in a studio using their own favorite props. A great example that a Foley artist would be used for would be any animated movies. My favorite animate d movie of all time is Monsters Inc. ( Docter, 2001). All of the different sound effects that were made, for example, when â€Å"Sully† was riding around on different doors, the Foley artist had to create the sound of a pulley.Another example of this would be from the movie Titanic when the ship was breaking apart and people were jumping into the water, the sound crew and Foley artist had to implement the sounds by creatively using breaking wood pieces and splashing water as a sound effect. Never the less, the quality of the equipment is very important for any sound crew member. They will need to be using some sort of a microphone; professional shotgun microphones are extremely sensitive and will pick up an incredible amount of ambient sound, despite their narrow recording field.To ensure that they capture only the actors’ voice, they need to have the microphone as close as possible to them; this would want to be done by mounting the microphone onto a boom stick. Apart from the environmental sounds, shooting the movie outside has the added challenges of picking up the wind sound; however, this can be eliminated if they were to use a â€Å"wind boot†. Whatever equipment or methods they might be using to record the sound, getting the best voice recording is imperative, even though it is possible to do voiceover in post-production; the actors are not always able to recapture the intensity of the moment.This leads me into what is the next important element of the movies, â€Å"effective storytelling†. Maybe there is no absolute right way to tell a story, however, I am sure there is probably a wrong way, which will be obvious if you don’t capture the audience. I feel the trick of storytelling is not what you say, but how you will say it. How you tell the story will also be how the audience will interpret it. This is a common device that is used to sway people’s opinion or to gain sympathy for a person or event.For feature f ilms the general idea is that you have to grab the audience within the first ten minutes, although this really means that the screenplay needs to catch the reader within the first few pages or take the chance of it being rejected. A credible story has many elements that need to be woven into it, for example, the theme of the movie could be the main focus, however, other elements like the characters, plot, and conflict must be carefully selected so they are uniformed in their relationship so the theme of the movie is clear.By doing this you are able to keep the audiences attention and sitting on the edge of their seats expecting more. There are different components of the film that will keep some moviegoers interested; however, those same components might be boring to other moviegoers. So how does one develop a storyline that will keep everyone’s interest? That might be done by the simplicity of the film, by clearly and directly communicating, so that it is clear to all movieg oers. However, some moviegoers like the more complex challenge of using their intellectual minds.This is done by the author’s ability to implement dramatic or emotional structure, by achieving the maximum intellectual or dramatic impact. The author would then develop the storyline in a linear or non-linear format. The storyline would still be composed of the same elements of exposition, complication, climax, and denouement; however, it would just depend on the way they were structured in the storyline. For example, in the movie Titanic (Cameron, 1997), at the beginning of the movie, they showed an elderly Rose talking with the researchers about the gemstone necklace.However, when she starting telling the story of how she received the necklace, they flashed back decades earlier to the year the ship first set sail, this is known as â€Å"non-linear structure†. In addition, conflict is another major degree of complexity within the film. When I recently watched the movie, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Forman, 1975), I noticed the dramatic component of â€Å"human conflict† between Nurse Ratched and the mental patient Randall Mc Murphy. They struggled constantly throughout the movie until the very end when Randall received a frontal lobotomy.Needless to say, the conflict between Nurse Ratched and mental patient, Mc Murphy, was not the only thing that I noticed from the movie. The actor’s ability to portray the characters that they were playing really stood out to me. I noticed the roles of Miller played by Alonzo Brown, Turkle played by Scatman Crothers, Martini played by Danny DeVito, were done in an impersonator role, they all had the ability to take on the personality traits of a mentally ill patient. As was the case of â€Å"Rudy†, who was played by, Michael Jeter, in the movie Patch Adams (Shadyac, 1998), Actor MichaelJeter had to take on the characteristics and traits of a very disturbed Schizophrenia patient. He v ery successfully portrayed the behavior of someone suffering from the mental illness of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia causes affected people to exhibit odd and often highly irrational or disorganized behavior, included such symptoms as anxiety, restlessness and hallucinations. In one of the scenes, Rudy, who was a patient in the mental ward, had mentioned to â€Å"Patch† that he needed to use the restroom and then instantly, Rudy’s mental state changed, he was hallucinating that he was being under attack by squirrels.For someone who did not really suffer from this disease, by his ability as an actor that he was actually suffering from the disease, he sure convinced me. In this scenario, I feel that Michael Jeter developed his character from the â€Å"inside out approach. † He was able to fully understand every aspect of his character’s personality and develop the behavior from there. Not the case of Robin Williams’s character, Patch Adams was develo ped on the â€Å"outside in approached. † Robin Williams portrayed a â€Å"living† person; therefore he had to learn everything about this character form the source.With this approach, the actor must know everything there is know about this certain individual, his likes, dislikes, his behavior, his wants, his needs, what makes him tick, and especially his sense of humor. I am sure that this particular â€Å"interpreter† character was not very difficult for Robin Williams to get into character. He has always been very successful as a stand up comedian, therefore, when he was asked to play this character; he seemed to be right at home. When I stop to think about the real reason behind why movies are made, one can only think about the true intentions of the film industry.There are many reasons why screenwriter, directors, producers, and everyone else that are involved with the creation of the film. What stand out the most is how the film makers are able to depict s o many important issues that need to have a wide array of people’s attention. What better way for something to be brought to the attention of thousands, even millions of people’s attention, except through a film, plays, stage performances, or musicals. They are creatively brought to light through different genres, a comedy, documentary, drama, musical, or any other form of entertainment.Some are of true life stories, others are done through the creative mind of an artist. With this we get to see the lead actor, supporting actor, super hero, villains, demons, tricksters and many other characters that are brought to life through the films creator. Furthermore, it is important to understand the elements that are woven into the creation. As I bring this paper to an end, I hope that in some way you are able to understand that there are many components that are woven into the creation of a film that is extraordinarily magical.To be able to see the magical transformation with in the experience is an individual experience that one must find within them. I know for myself, I have seen and experience something new and hope that everyone else has the ability to find and encounter the same extraordinary experience.

Skidelsky Warwick Lecture

In my third and fourth lectures examine the monetary and fiscal confusion which as reigned in the last five years -the experiments with ‘unorthodox monetary policy' and the austerity drive in fiscal policy -as policy makers sought a path to recovery. In my fifth lecture 1 kick at the causes Of the crisis from the standpoint of the world monetary system. Finally, I ask the question: what should post-crash economics be like? What guidance should economics offer the policy-maker to prevent further calamities of the kind we have just experienced?What should students of economics be taught? In this lecture I will consider only those bits of pre-crash orthodoxy relevant to policy making, tit main emphasis being on UK developments. Theories of expectation formation played an overwhelming parting shaping the theory of macroeconomic policy; with changes in the way economists modeled expectations marking the different phases of theory. I will treat these in roughly chronological order, s tarting with the Keynesian theory. II.UNCERTAIN EXPECTATIONS Keynesian macro theory dominated policy from roughly 1945-1975. The minimum doctrine -not in Keynes, but in accepted versions of Keynesian theory -to justify policy intervention to stabilize economies is: SLIDE 1 1. Uncertain expectations, particularly important for investment, leaving investment to depend on ‘conventions' and ‘animal spirits'. 2. Relative interest-inelastic of investment. 3. A) sticky nominal wages (unexplained) and b) sticky nominal interest rates (explained by liquidity preference).The first point suggested investment was subject to severe fluctuations; the last suggested there was a lack or weakness of spontaneous recovery mechanisms- ii the possibility of ;under-employment equilibrium'. This led to a prescription for macro-policy: to prevent or minimize fluctuations of investment demand. Point 2 in combination with b suggested primacy of fiscal over monetary policy for stabilization. SLIDE 2 ‘For Keynes, it was the tendency for the private sector, from time to time, to want to stop spending and to accumulate financial assets instead that lay behind the problems of slumps and unemployment.It could be checked by deficit spending'. (C J. Also and D. Makes (1985), in D. Morris (De. ) ‘The Economic System in the UK†, 374) ‘In the standard Keynesian economic model, when the economy is at less than full capacity, output is determined by demand; and the management of economic activity and hence employment is effected by managing demand'. (ibid, 370) Mention in passing, that there was a theoretical and social radicalism in Keynes obliterated in the standard postwar Keynesian model.For example, he thought insufficient demand was chronic and would get worse; and that, in consequence, the longer term survival of a free enterprise system depended on the redistribution of wealth and income and the reduction in hours of work. I will return to these points in my last lecture. Demand- management The government used fiscal policy (variations in taxes and spending) to maintain full employment, while keeping short term interest rates close to some ‘normal' (or expected) level. Eel. Monetary policy was largely bypassed as a tool of demand-management.The government forecast real GAP for the following year by forecasting year on movement of its expenditure components: consumption, fixed capital formation, stock building spending, and net exports. Budget deficits then adjusted to maintain full employment. There was no explicit modeling of expectations, though attention was paid to the issue of ‘confidence'. The prevalent view was that the confidence of the cuisines community was best maintained by a commitment to full employment. It was different with the balance of payments.With sterling convertible into foreign currencies at a fixed exchange rate, governments also needed to retain confidence of non-resident holders of sterling, so the two requirements of confidence might pull in different directions. ‘Stop-Go' was the result. Stop-Go not withstanding, fiscal activism proved highly successful, aided by the long post-war boom. The budget remained in surplus with current account revenues exceeding expenditure and with borrowing mostly stricter to finance public investment not covered by current-account surpluses.Chancellors from Crisps to Macmillan were even tempted to extend this-above-the-line surplus to an overall surplus by covering capital expenditure below the line from revenue yet this was not achieved 1 . Nonetheless, the public-sector borrowing requirement (ESP.) fell from an average of 7. 5% of GAP (1952-1959) to 6. 6% of GAP (1960-1969). The national debt-to-income ratio fell from 3:1 in 1950 to 0. 7:1 in 19702. Unemployment was consistently below 2. 5% and inflation was low. Ill. THE RISE AND FALL OF PHILLIPS CURVE KEYNESIAN The post-war problem turned out to be not unemployment but inflation. With full capacity utilization, whether generated by Keynesian policy or by benign world conditions, there was always going to be pressure on prices. So the attention of Keynesian policymakers was increasingly turned to fighting inflation, using both fiscal and monetary tools. In this they were also successful for a time. But from the late asses, inflation started to creep up; and the unemployment cost of restraining it started to rise: we enter the era of ‘stagflation'. The underlying theoretical question was: what caused inflation? Was it excess demand or ‘cost-push'?There was no single Keynesian answer to this question. Some Keynesian economists argued that labor market was like any other, with price being determined by the balance between supply and demand. A reduction in the demand for labor would lower its price. Deflation would slow the rise of nominal wages, and hence a rise in the general price level. The question of course was how much deflation would be needed for stable prices? This was not an easy case for Keynesian to argue. Given their belief in sticky nominal wages, the unemployment cost might prove very high.Most Keynesian economists were more comfortable with the ‘cost push' theory of inflation: unions pushing up wages ahead of productivity. Prices rose because business managements raised them; managements raised prices because their costs had risen; costs rose owing to pay increases; and pay increased because otherwise unions would come out on strike. Higher unemployment would not stop them because most of the unemployed could not do the strikers' jobs. In fact, cost-push could occur at levels well below full employment.Short of bringing back mass unemployment, deflating demand would not stop inflation. What was required was a compact with the unions to restrain pay push: incomes policies. Anti-inflation policy in the 1 sass and asses wobbled between fiscal and monetary measures to restrain demand and attempts to reach pay deals with the unions. The Keynesian were rescued from this dilemma by the econometric work Of A. W. Phillips. In 1 958, A. W. Phillips published a famous article which claimed to demonstrate a well-determined relationship between the unemployment rate and the rate of wage increases.The Phillips Curve implied that there was a stable trade-off between unemployment and inflation. The prize was price stability with a small increase in unemployment, way short of the depression. More generally, policy-makers were supposed to have a ‘menu of choice' between different rates of inflation and unemployment. SLIDE 3. ORIGINAL PHILLIPS CURVE The Keynesian policy of demand-management unraveled with the attack on the Phillips Curve by Milton Friedman of Chicago University. In a single lecture in 1 968, he demolished Phillips Curve Keynesian and started the monetarist counter-revolution.Adaptive Expectations Friedman restated the pre-Keynesian idea that there was a unique equilibrium rate of unemployment which he called the ‘natural rate'. Inflation was caused by government attempts to reduce unemployment below the natural rate by increasing the amount of money in the economy. Friedman accepted that there was a trade-off between inflation and unemployment, but that it was temporary, and existed only because workers were fooled into accepting lower real wages than they wanted by not taking into account the rise in prices.But if government repeatedly resorted to monetary expansion (for example by running budget deficits) in order to educe unemployment below its ‘natural' rate, this ‘money illusion' would disappear and workers would put in increased wage demands to match the now expected rise in prices. In short, after a time workers developed inflationary expectations: they built the expected inflation into their wage bargaining. One could not use the Phillips Curve to control inflation in the long run since the Curve itself shifted due to the level of inflation rising. SLIDE 4.FRIEDMAN'S EXPECTATIONS AUGMENTED PHILLIPS CURVE SLIDE 5. One simple version of adaptive expectations is stated in the following equation, where pee is the next year's rate of inflation that is currently expected; p-Eel is this year's rate of inflation that was expected last year; and p is this year's actual rate of inflation: where is between O and 1. This says that current expectations of future inflation reflect past expectations and an â€Å"error-adjustment† term, in which current expectations are raised (or lowered) according to the gap between actual inflation and previous expectations.This error-adjustment is also called â€Å"partial adjustment. † Friedman's work had huge anti-Keynesian policy implications. The five main Ones Were: First, macro-policy can influence nominal, but not real variables: the price level, not the employment or output level. Second, Friedman re-stated the Quantity Theory of Money, the theory that prices (or no minal incomes) change proportionally with the quantity of money. Conversely, fiscal ‘fine tuning' operates with ‘long and variable lags': it is liable to land the economy in the wrong place at the wrong time.Consequently, such stabilization as was needed is much better done by monetary policy than fiscal policy. It lies within the power of the central bank, but not the Treasury, to keep nominal income stable. Provided the government kept money supply growing in line with productivity there would be no inflation, and economies would normally be at their ‘natural rate' of unemployment. Third, Friedman argued that ‘inflation was always and only a monetary phenomenon'.It was the total money supply in the economy which determined the general price level; cost pressures were not independent sources of inflation; they had to be validated by an accommodating monetary policy to be able to get away with a mark-up based price determination strategy; Fourth, Friedman's p ermanent income hypothesis -dating from the early 9505 -suggested that it is households' average long-run income (permanent income) that is likely to determine total demand for consumer spending, rather than fluctuation in their current disposable income, as suggested by the Keynesian consumption function.The reason for this is that agents Want smooth consumption paths. This implied that the degree of self-stabilization of the economy was greater than Keynes suggested, and that consequently multipliers were smaller. Keynesian tried to fight the monetarist onslaught by strengthening Keynesian micro-foundations, especially of observed nominal rigidities. They plopped models with ;menu costs', ‘insider-outsider' labor markets, ‘asymmetric information'. These kept the door open for policy interventions to sustain aggregate demand. Nevertheless, Friedman's impact on macro-policy was swift and decisive.SLIDE 6 ‘We used to think that you could spend your way out of a rece ssion, and increase employment by cutting taxes and boosting Government spending. Tell you in all candor that that option no longer exists, and that in so far as it ever did exist, it only worked on each occasion since the war by injecting a bigger dose of inflation into the economy, followed by a higher level of employment as the next step'. Prime Minister James Callaghan (1976), Leader's speech, Blackball ‘The conquest of inflation should be the objective of macroeconomic policy.And the creation Of conditions conducive to growth and employment should be the objective of microeconomic policy'. Chancellor of Exchequer Engel Lawson (1 984), Mass Lecture Discretionary demand-management was out; balanced budgets were back. The unemployment target was replaced by an inflation target. The ;natural' rate of unemployment was to be lowered by supply-side policies, which included legislative curbs on trade unions. V. RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS AND THE NEW CLASSICAL ECONOMICS With rational e xpectations we enter the world of New Classical Economics. RE is the ‘radical wing of monetarism†¦ Est. known for the startling policy conclusion †¦ that macro-economic policies, both monetary and fiscal, are ineffective, even in the short-run'4. Rational expectations first appeared in the economic theory literature in a famous article by J. Mouth in 1961, but only filtered through to policy discussion in the early 1 sass with the work of Robert Lucas and Thomas Sergeant on business cycles, and Eugene Fame on financial markets. The Lucas critique Of adaptive expectations (1976) put paid to the idea Of an exploitable trade-off between employment and inflation.Friedman's adaptive expectations rely on gradual adjustment of expectations to the experienced behavior of a variable. But our knowledge includes not just what we have experienced but current pronouncements of public authorities and theoretical knowledge of aggregate relationships. For example, the Minister of Fi nance announces that he will increase money supply by 10% a year to stimulate employment. STEM tells us that an increase in the money supply will ease prices proportionately. So it is rational to expect inflation to be a year.All nominal values -interest rates, wage rates- are instantly adjusted to the expected rate of inflation. There is not even a brief interval of higher employment. Friedman's distinction between a Keynesian short run in which agents can be fooled and a Classical long run in which they know what to expect disappears. Adaptive behavior is a description of irrational behavior if agents know what to expect already. Notice though that in this example, rational expectations is defined as belief in the STEM.SLIDE 7 Expectations, since they are informed predictions of future events are essentially the same as the predictions of the relevant economic theory†¦ Expectations of firms (or more generally, the subjective probability distribution of outcomes) tend to be di stributed for the same information set, about the prediction Of the theory (or the ‘objective' probability distribution Of outcomes)' (G. K Shaw (1 984), 56) Formally, the rational expectations hypothesis (ERE) says that agents optimally utilities all available information about the economy and policy to construct their expectations.As such, such they have ‘rational' expectations. They are also rational in that they use their expectations to maximize their utility or profits. This does not imply that agents never make mistakes; agents may make mistakes on occasion. However, all that is there to be learnt has already been learnt, mistakes are assumed to be random, so that agents are correct on average. Agents learn the true value of parameters through repeated application of Bases' theorem. Eel they turn their subjective bets into objective probability distributions.An equivalent statement is that agents â€Å"behave in says consistent with the models that predict how th ey will behave†6. Since the models contain all the available information, ii. They are rational expectations models, following the model minimizes the possibility of making expectation errors. At the core of the rational expectations hypothesis is the assumption that the model of the economy used by individuals in making their forecasts is the correct one -that is, that the economy behaves in a way predicted by the model.The math is simplified by the device of the Representative Agent, the sum of all agents, possessed of identical information and utility preferences. This micro-economic device means that the framework can be used to analyses the impact of policies on aggregate welfare, as welfare is the utility of the agents. The implication of the ERE is that outcomes will not differ systematically from what people expect them to be. If we take the price level, for instance, we can write: SLIDE 8 This says that the price level will only differ from the expectation if there is a surprise.So ex ante, the price anticipated is equal to the expectation. [E[P] is the rational expectation based on all information up to date; is the error ERM, which has an expected value of zero, and is independent of the expectation. With rational expectations the Phillips Curve is vertical in the short-run and in the long-run. SLIDE 9. THE SERGEANT-LUCAS PHILLIPS CURVE. With rational expectations, government action can affect real variables only by surprise. Otherwise they will be fully anticipated. This rules out any fiscal or monetary intervention designed to improve an existing equilibrium.More generally ‘any portion Of policy that is a response to publicly available information -such as the unemployment rate or the index of leading indicators -is irrelevant to the real economy' 7. Policy can influence real variables only by using information not known to the public. The Efficient Market Hypothesis The application of rational expectations to financial markets is know n as the â€Å"Efficient Market Hypothesis† (MME), made popular by Eugene Fame (1970, 1976). The MME postulates that shares are always correctly priced on average because they adjust instantaneously and accurately to any newly released information.In the words of Fame, â€Å"l take the market efficiency hypothesis to be the simple statement that security prices fully reflect all available information† 8. So prices can't be wrong because if they were, someone would seek to profit from the error and correct it. It follows that according to the efficient market hypothesis, it is impossible to consistently achieve returns in excess of average market returns (beat the market). In an RE joke, two economists spot a $10 bill on the ground. One stoops to pick it up, whereupon the other interjects, ‘Don't.If it were really $1 0, it wouldn't be there anymore. † The efficient market hypothesis is the modern manifestation of Adam Smith's ‘invisible hand'. Increase d regulation can only aka markets less efficient because regulators have less information than those engaged in the market, risking their own money. There are different versions of the efficient market hypothesis. In its ‘weak' form, investors make predictions about current prices only using historical information about past prices (like in adaptive expectations).In its ‘semi-strong' form, investors take into account all publicly available information, including past-prices. (This is the most ‘accurate' and the closest to rational expectations). In its ‘strong' form, investors take into account all information that can possibly be known, including insider information. Rational expectations models rely heavily on math. Lucas defined expectations as the mean Of a distribution of a random variable. The greater the number of observations of a random variable, the more likely it is to have a bell shaped or Normal distribution.The mean of the distribution, in ordin ary parlance the average of the observations, is called the Expectation of the distribution. In the bell-shaped distribution, it coincides with the peak of the bell. Those who are supposed to hold Rational Expectations (ii all of us) are assumed to know how the systematic parts of he model determine a price. We use that knowledge to generate our prediction. This will be correct except for random influences. We can assume that such random events will also adhere to the bell-shaped distribution and that their mean/expectation will be zero.Thus the systematic or deterministic prediction based on theory is always correct. Errors have zero expectation. The tendency of the MME, as is readily seen, is to rule out, or minimize, the possibility Of bubbles -and therefore crashes; more generally to rule out the possibility of crises being generated within the financial system: historically he most important source of crises. This being so, policy did not have to pay much attention to banks. Fo llowing the acceptance of the MME, the financial system was extensively De-regulated.Real Business cycle DOGS DOGS modeling takes root in New Classical macroeconomics, where the works of Lucas (1975), Jutland and Prescott (1982), and Long and Peoples (1983) were most prominent. The earlier DOGS models were pure real business cycle (RIB) models. ii models that attempted to explain business cycles in terms of real productivity or consumption shocks, abstracting from money. The logic behind RIB models is clear. If money cannot affect real variables, the source of any disturbance to the real economy must be non-monetary.If we are all modeled as having rational expectations, business fluctuations must be caused by ‘real' and ‘unanticipated' ‘shocks'. (Notice the use of word ‘shock'). These shocks make the economy dynamic and stochastic. Unemployment is explained in these models by rational adjustments by workers of their work/leisure trade off to shifts in product ivity. This is a fancy way of saying that there is never any unemployment. As a result of continuously re-optimizing agents, economies in DOGS models re always in some form of equilibrium, whether in the short run or long run.The economy always starts from an equilibrium position, and even when there is a shock, it immediately jumps onto an equilibrium time path – the saddle path. So the economy never finds itself in a position of disequilibrium. SLIDE 10 ‘The model provides an example of an economy where real shocks drive output movements. Because the economy is Wallabies, the movements are the optimal response to the shocks. Thus, contrary to the conventional wisdom about macroeconomic fluctuations, here fluctuations do not reflect NY market failures, and government interventions to mitigate them can only reduce welfare.In short, the implication of real-business cycle models, in their strongest form, is that observed aggregate output movements represent the time-varyi ng Parent optimum'. (Roomer (2011 ) â€Å"Advanced Macroeconomics†, 204) Translated into English: depressions are optimal; any attempt to mitigate them will only make things worse. Later came the New Keynesian who preserved the basic framework of the New Classical RIB/DOGS models, but added ‘market frictions', like monopolistic competition and nominal rigidities, to make the models more applicable to the real world. Critiques: 1 .The fundamental criticism is that this whole class of New Classical models carries an intellectual theorem -that agents are rational optimizers – to an extreme and absurd conclusion. By postulating complete information and complete markets, ii. By abolishing Keynesian or Knighting uncertainty, they cut off enquiry into what might be rational behavior under uncertainty -such as ‘herd behavior'. They also exclude irrational expectations. Behavioral economics only really took off after the crisis. 2. The aim of New Classical economics was to unify macro and micro by giving macro-economic secure micro-foundations.Macroeconomic models should be based on optimization by firms and consumers. But New Classical models are not well grounded in micro-economics since their account of human behavior is seriously incomplete. 3. Ay defining rational as the mean of a random distribution, the New Classical models rule out as too exceptional to worry about ‘fat tails' – that is extreme events with disproportionately large consequences. 4. The vast majority of DOGS models utilities log-landslides utility functions which eliminate the possibility of multiple equilibrium. 1 5. New Classical models have no place for money, and therefore for money hoarding, which depends on uncertainty. In pure DOGS models there is no financial sector. DOGS models depend on what Goodhearted calls the ‘transversally condition', which says that â€Å"by the end of the day, or when the model stops, all agents shall have repaid all their debts, including all the interest owed, with certainty. In other words, when a person dies he/she has zero assets left' 12. Defaults cannot happen. This is another kind of logical madness.

Ground Combat Vehicle Example

Ground Combat Vehicle Example Ground Combat Vehicle – Article Example Ground Combat Vehicle The ground combat vehicle is the focal point of the army’s next generation fighting vehicle. The emphasis in the immediate term is on the improvement and the policy of the army’s next cohort infantry fighting vehicle. The vehicle team is a dissimilar and highly qualifies combination of engineering proficient and brilliant achievement working together to advance and distribute the vehicles which blocs force fortification, full variety operations, capacity and affordability to form a world typical for infantry fighting vehicles.The ground combat vehicle is expected to reduce risks and uphold a reasonably priced program (Kelly, 2006). The pronouncement made by the defense department spreads the present technology development stage of the platform by six months to let the industry to have more time to refine the vehicle design; In April 2009, the secretary of the defense forces Robert Gates announced he anticipated to significantly restructure the army ’s future combat systems. The project was a multibillion dollar program which had been underway since 2000 and was at the heart of the army’s transformation efforts (Lardner, 2010). The achievement and progress platform contained eighteen managed and unmanned systems tight together by a widespread information link and communication.Among other thing, the secretary recommended canceling all the manned ground vehicles component of the future combat systems, was planned to field eight distinct tracked combat vehicles variants built on a common chassis which would eventually replace the combat vehicles. As part of this reformation, the army was absorbed to progress a ground vehicle which would be applicable across the whole range of army actions and would incorporate combat lessons well-read in Afghanistan and Iraq.The ground combat vehicle modernization focused on swiftly developing a new technologically adaptable approach. The approach, termed the increment developmental approach, features a segmental design intended to accommodate the growth of vehicles in weight, size, cooling requirements and new versions of the ground combat vehicle with little or no modification. Since the milestone was approved, the Armed forces have enthusiastically refined the vehicles requirements to provide the industry with a maximum assortment of suppleness in developing vehicle strategies while pressuring cost and technical risks.In order to avoid criticism of the events outdoing relevancy and decades long acquisition programs, the army stipulated the first ground combat vehicles would be delivered seven years were initiated (Kelly, 2006). While the decision was relatively well received, in order to receive the ambitious timeline, modifications to the traditional process were acquired. On the other hand, the army defends its use of cost plus contracts during the technology phase as it permitted for more innovation and risk taking.The army earlier approach called for op position amongst vendors during this phase of the ground combat vehicle program. Quoting projected fiscal pressures, the department verdict to review the development guarantees an affordable program which meets the army serious needs for an original infantry combat vehicle.ReferenceLardner, H. (2010). The Armys quest for a new ground combat vehicle. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College. Kelly, T. (2006). The U.S. combat and tactical wheeled vehicle fleets: Issues and suggestions for Congress. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

Sad Love Quotes for the Broken-Hearted

Sad Love Quotes for the Broken-Hearted When does love hurt the most? Is it when your love is unrequited, or when you have been betrayed, or when you break up? Suffering heartbreak requires a lot of effort to pick up the shattered pieces.  Some people are so badly scarred that they avoid getting into relationships again.  If you are going through a rough patch in your love life, remember that it is temporary. Take heart from these sad love quotes, which prove that you arent the only one to have suffered and survived this pain: Jeff Melvoin: American TV writer, producer Is love supposed to last throughout all time, or is it like trains changing at random stops? If I loved her, how could I leave her? If I felt that way then, how come I dont feel anything now? Francois de La Rouchefoucauld: French author No disguise can long conceal love where it exists, or long feign it where it is lacking. Lisa Brooks: American gospel vocalist Sometimes you need to run away just to see who will come after you. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: American minister, civil rights activist Without love, benevolence becomes egotism. Percy Bysshe Shelley: English poet Love withers under constraints: its very essence is liberty: it is compatible neither with obedience, jealousy, nor fear: it is there most pure, perfect, and unlimited where its votaries live in confidence, equality, and unreserve. Bette Davis: American actress Pleasure of love lasts but a moment. Pain of love lasts a lifetime. Euripides: Greek playwright He is not a lover who does not love forever. William Shakespeare:  English playwright, poet They do not love that do not show their love. Humphrey Bogart: American actor I was born when you kissed me. I died when you left me. I lived a few weeks while you loved me. Toni Morrison: American writer Love is or it aint. Thin love aint love at all. Faraaz Kazi: Indian author I wonder if I could take back every I love you ever said to you, would I do it? Nicholas Sparks: American author, screenwriter Part of me aches at the thought of her being so close yet so untouchable. Toni Braxton: American singer How could an angel break my heart? Why didn’t he catch my falling star? I wish I didn’t wish so hard. Maybe I wished our love apart. Thomas Carlyle: Scottish philosopher, essayist Love is not altogether a delirium, yet it has many points in common therewith. Mother Teresa: Roman Catholic nun, saint If you judge people, you have no time to love them. Anais Nin: French writer Love never dies a natural death. It dies because we dont know how to replenish its source. It dies of blindness and errors and betrayals. It dies of illness and wounds; it dies of weariness, of withering, of tarnishing. Anonymous Some people come into our lives, leave footprints on our hearts, and we are never the same. Mary Oliver: American poet To live in this world you must be able to do three things: to love what is mortal; to hold it against your bones knowing your own life depends on it; and when the time comes to let it go, to let it go.

State judicial system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

State judicial system - Essay Example Jurisdiction is conferred by laws and therefore cannot be waived or subject to agreement by parties. A defendant has the right to appeal a trial court’s decision, usually once, to the next immediate appellate court. Any other appeal from the initial appeal is discretionary and may be done only through a writ of certiorari or discretionary review. The appellate courts review only the law applied by the lower courts, leaving the findings of facts intact, and no new issues can be considered. They rely solely on the trial briefs of the parties and the records of the proceedings in the trial court. A discretionary review or review via a certiorari is accepted only if the issue at hand is novel or of such general importance. The final resort that a defendant can avail of, after showing state-level exhaustion, is with the federal courts on a petition for a writ of certiorari or petition for a writ of habeas corpus (Acker & Brody 2003 pp 26-29). The lowest court level in the federal court system is the federal district court, of which every state and US territory has at least one. In addition to violation and issues of the US Constitution, federal laws, treaties, diversity of citizenship jurisdiction, these courts have jurisdiction over petitions for habeas corpus that state prisoners may file on the ground that their convictions or sentences violate the US Constitution. Moreover, there must be actual disputes and controversy for federal jurisdiction to apply. On the other hand, the US federal Courts of Appeal can entertain only appeals from federal district courts within their respective circuits as the federal district courts are divided into circuits and assigned an appeals court. Additionally, certain limits of the amounts in dispute are considered before an appeal can be had to the circuit courts. In civil cases, for example, the amount involved must be more than $50 and in admiralty $300. An appeal